Articles

Re-Analysis of 16S Amplicon Sequencing Data Reveals Soil Microbial Population Shifts in Rice Fields under Drought Condition

Rice (Oryza sativa. L) has been intensively studied to ensure a stable global supply of this commodity in the face of rapid global climate change. A critical factor that decreases crop yield is drought, which has...

Authors: Seok-Won Jang, Myeong-Hyun Yoou, Woo-Jong Hong, Yeon-Ju Kim, Eun-Jin Lee and Ki-Hong Jung

Transcriptome Sequencing and iTRAQ of Different Rice Cultivars Provide Insight into Molecular Mechanisms of Cold-Tolerance Response in Japonica Rice

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the most important crops cultivated in both tropical and temperate regions. However, it has a high sensitivity to cold stress and chilling stress limits its nitrogen uptake and me...

Authors: Yan Jia, Hualong Liu, Zhaojun Qu, Jin Wang, Xinpeng Wang, Zhuoqian Wang, Liang Yang, Dong Zhang, Detang Zou and Hongwei Zhao

Effect of Root Colonization by Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi on Growth, Productivity and Blast Resistance in Rice

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi form symbiotic associations with roots in most land plants. AM symbiosis provides benefits to host plants by improving nutrition and fitness. AM symbiosis has also been associ...

Authors: Sonia Campo, Héctor Martín-Cardoso, Marta Olivé, Eva Pla, Mar Catala-Forner, Maite Martínez-Eixarch and Blanca San Segundo

The Rice BZ1 Locus Is Required for Glycosylation of Arabinogalactan Proteins and Galactolipid and Plays a Role in both Mechanical Strength and Leaf Color

The cell wall and chloroplast are two fundamental structures determining plant mechanical strength and grain yield. Therefore, understanding mechanisms that improve plants’ ability to develop a robust cell wal...

Authors: Sitong Liu, Yijun Tang, Nan Ruan, Zhengjun Dang, Yuwei Huang, Wei Miao, Zhengjin Xu and Fengcheng Li

Analysis of QTL for Grain Size in a Rice Chromosome Segment Substitution Line Z1392 with Long Grains and Fine Mapping of qGL-6

Grain size affects not only rice yield but is also an important element in quality of appearance. However, the mechanism for inheritance of grain size is unclear.

Authors: Ting Zhang, Shiming Wang, Shuangfei Sun, Yi Zhang, Juan Li, Jing You, Tian Su, Wenbo Chen, Yinghua Ling, Guanghua He and Fangming Zhao

Genetic Dissection and Functional Differentiation of ALK^a and ALK^b, Two Natural Alleles of the ALK/SSIIa Gene, Responding to Low Gelatinization Temperature in Rice

ALK is the key gene controlling rice gelatinization temperature (GT), which is closely associated with the eating and cooking quality (ECQ) in rice (Oryza sativa L.). To date, at least three ALK alleles are thoug...

Authors: Zhuanzhuan Chen, Yan Lu, Linhao Feng, Weizhuo Hao, Chuang Li, Yong Yang, Xiaolei Fan, Qianfeng Li, Changquan Zhang and Qiaoquan Liu

Osa-miR162a fine-tunes rice resistance to Magnaporthe oryzae and Yield

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play essential roles in rice immunity against Magnaporthe oryzae, the causative agent of rice blast disease. Here we demonstrate that Osa-miR162a fine-tunes rice immunity against M. oryzae and ...

Authors: Xu-Pu Li, Xiao-Chun Ma, He Wang, Yong Zhu, Xin-Xian Liu, Ting-Ting Li, Ya-Ping Zheng, Ji-Qun Zhao, Ji-Wei Zhang, Yan-Yan Huang, Mei Pu, Hui Feng, Jing Fan, Yan Li and Wen-Ming Wang

Substitution Mapping of the Major Quantitative Trait Loci Controlling Stigma Exsertion Rate from Oryza glumaepatula

Stigma exsertion rate (SER) is a key determinant for the outcrossing ability of male sterility lines (MSLs) in hybrid rice seed production. In the process of domestication, the outcrossing ability of cultivate...

Authors: Quanya Tan, Tuo Zou, Mingmin Zheng, Yuerong Ni, Xin Luan, Xiaohui Li, Weifeng Yang, Zifeng Yang, Haitao Zhu, Ruizhen Zeng, Guifu Liu, Shaokui Wang, Xuelin Fu and Guiquan Zhang

Research and Development Strategies for Hybrid japonica Rice

The utilization of heterosis has resulted in significant breakthroughs in rice breeding. However, the development of hybrid japonica has been slow in comparison with that of hybrid indica. The present review expl...

Authors: Wenjing Zheng, Zuobin Ma, Mingzhu Zhao, Minggang Xiao, Jiaming Zhao, Changhua Wang, Hong Gao, Yuanjun Bai, Hui Wang and Guomin Sui

SAPK2 contributes to rice yield by modulating nitrogen metabolic processes under reproductive stage drought stress

The sucrose non-fermenting 1-related kinases 2 (SnRK2s) play important roles in osmotic stress responses in A. thaliana and rice (Oryza sativa L.). Osmotic stress/ABA–activated protein kinase 2 (SAPK2) is a membe...

Authors: Dengji Lou, Zhen Chen, Diqiu Yu and Xiaoyan Yang

Proteome-Wide Analyses Reveal the Diverse Functions of Lysine 2-Hydroxyisobutyrylation in Oryza sativa

Lysine 2-hydroxyisobutyrylation (Khib), a newly identified post-translational modification, is known to regulate transcriptional activity in animals. However, extensive studies of the lysine 2-hydroxyisobutyry...

Authors: Chao Xue, Zhongying Qiao, Xu Chen, Penghui Cao, Kai Liu, Shuai Liu, Lu Ye and Zhiyun Gong

Agrobacterium-Mediated Genetic Transformation of Wild Oryza Species Using Immature Embryos

Genetic transformation is one of the most important technologies for revealing or modulating gene function. It is used widely in both functional genomics and molecular breeding of rice. Demands on its use in w...

Authors: Sae Shimizu-Sato, Katsutoshi Tsuda, Misuzu Nosaka-Takahashi, Toshiya Suzuki, Seijiro Ono, Kim Nhung Ta, Yuri Yoshida, Ken-Ichi Nonomura and Yutaka Sato

Production Assessment and Genome Comparison Revealed High Yield Potential and Novel Specific Alleles Associated with Fertility and Yield in Neo-Tetraploid Rice

Neo-tetraploid rice (NTR) is a new tetraploid rice germplasm that developed from the crossing and directional selection of different autotetraploid rice lines, which showed high fertility and promising yield p...

Authors: Hang Yu, Muhammad Qasim Shahid, Qihang Li, Yudi Li, Cong Li, Zijun Lu, Jinwen Wu, Zemin Zhang and Xiangdong Liu

Identification of Blast Resistance QTLs Based on Two Advanced Backcross Populations in Rice

Rice blast is an economically important and mutable disease of rice. Using host resistance gene to breed resistant varieties has been proven to be the most effective and economical method to control rice blast...

Authors: Haichao Jiang, Yutao Feng, Lei Qiu, Guanjun Gao, Qinglu Zhang and Yuqing He

Proteomic Analysis of Rice Subjected to Low Light Stress and Overexpression of OsGAPB Increases the Stress Tolerance

Light provides the energy for photosynthesis and determines plant morphogenesis and development. Low light compromises photosynthetic efficiency and leads to crop yield loss. It remains unknown how rice respon...

Authors: Yangxuan Liu, Ting Pan, Yuying Tang, Yong Zhuang, Zhijian Liu, Penghui Li, Hui Li, Weizao Huang, Shengbin Tu, Guangjun Ren, Tao Wang and Songhu Wang

Marker Assisted Forward Breeding to Combine Multiple Biotic-Abiotic Stress Resistance/Tolerance in Rice

Unfavorable climatic changes have led to an increased threat of several biotic and abiotic stresses over the past few years. Looking at the massive damage caused by these stresses, we undertook a study to deve...

Authors: Shilpi Dixit, Uma Maheshwar Singh, Arun Kumar Singh, Shamshad Alam, Challa Venkateshwarlu, Vishnu Varthini Nachimuthu, Shailesh Yadav, Ragavendran Abbai, Ramchander Selvaraj, M. Nagamallika Devi, Perumalla Janaki Ramayya, Jyothi Badri, T. Ram, Jhansi Lakshmi, G. Lakshmidevi, Jai Vidhya LRK…

OsHsfB4d Binds the Promoter and Regulates the Expression of OsHsp18.0-CI to Resistant Against Xanthomonas Oryzae

Bacterial leaf streak (BLS) and bacterial blight (BB) are two major prevalent and devastating rice bacterial diseases caused by the Gram-negative bacteria of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola (Xoc) and Xanthomonas...

Authors: Wei Yang, Yanhu Ju, Liping Zuo, Luyue Shang, Xinru Li, Xiaoming Li, Shangzong Feng, Xinhua Ding and Zhaohui Chu

Genome editing in rice

Authors: Masaki Endo and Seiichi Toki

Evaluation of Domestication Loci Associated with Awnlessness in Cultivated Rice, Oryza sativa

Awns are bristle-like organs at the tips of the glumes. Wild rice has maintained long awns for successful seed propagation through seed dispersal. Seed awning is an interesting trait in rice domestication. Lon...

Authors: Yaddehige Priya Jayantha Amarasinghe, Rie Kuwata, Akinori Nishimura, Phuong Dang Thai Phan, Ryo Ishikawa and Takashige Ishii

OsSLC1 Encodes a Pentatricopeptide Repeat Protein Essential for Early Chloroplast Development and Seedling Survival

The large family of pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) proteins is widely distributed among land plants. Such proteins play vital roles in intron splicing, RNA editing, RNA processing, RNA stability and RNA transl...

Authors: Jun Lv, Lianguang Shang, Yun Chen, Yao Han, Xiaoyan Yang, Shuzhang Xie, Wenqin Bai, Mingyu Hu, Hong Wu, Kairong Lei, Ya’nan Yang, Shengzhen Ge, Hai Phuong Trinh, Yi Zhang, Longbiao Guo and Zhongwei Wang

Nitric Oxide Enhances Rice Resistance to Rice Black-Streaked Dwarf Virus Infection

Rice black-streaked dwarf virus (RBSDV) causes one of the most important rice virus diseases of plants in East Asia. However, molecular mechanism(s)controlling rice resistance to infection is largely unknown.

Authors: Rongfei Lu, Zhiyang Liu, Yudong Shao, Jiuchang Su, Xuejuan Li, Feng Sun, Yihua Zhang, Shuo Li, Yali Zhang, Jin Cui, Yijun Zhou, Wenbiao Shen and Tong Zhou

ATP Hydrolysis Determines Cold Tolerance by Regulating Available Energy for Glutathione Synthesis in Rice Seedling Plants

Glutathione (GSH) is important for plants to resist abiotic stress, and a large amount of energy is required in the process. However, it is not clear how the energy status affects the accumulation of GSH in pl...

Authors: Pinghui Yu, Ning Jiang, Weimeng Fu, Guangjie Zheng, Guangyan Li, Baohua Feng, Tingting Chen, Jiaying Ma, Hubo Li, Longxing Tao and Guanfu Fu

OsVPE3 Mediates GA-induced Programmed Cell Death in Rice Aleurone Layers via Interacting with Actin Microfilaments

Vacuolar processing enzymes (VPEs) have been identified as the enzymes that regulate vacuole-mediated programmed cell death (PCD) in plants. The mechanism that VPE regulates the PCD in rice aleurone layers rem...

Authors: Heting Zhang, Yu Xiao, Xiaojiang Deng, Hongyu Feng, Zhe Li, Lulu Zhang and Huiping Chen

Identification of Novel QTL Conferring Sheath Blight Resistance in Two Weedy Rice Mapping Populations

Rice sheath blight (ShB) disease, caused by the pathogenic fungus Rhizoctonia solani, causes significant yield losses globally. US weedy rice populations, which are de-domesticated forms of indica and aus cultiva...

Authors: David M. Goad, Yulin Jia, Andrew Gibbons, Yan Liu, David Gealy, Ana L. Caicedo and Kenneth M. Olsen

An In Vivo Targeted Deletion of the Calmodulin-Binding Domain from Rice Glutamate Decarboxylase 3 (OsGAD3) Increases γ-Aminobutyric Acid Content in Grains

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a non-protein amino acid present in all living things. GABA is mainly synthesized from glutamate by glutamate decarboxylase (GAD). In plants the enzymatic activity of GAD is a...

Authors: Kazuhito Akama, Nadia Akter, Hinako Endo, Masako Kanesaki, Masaki Endo and Seiichi Toki

The broad-spectrum rice blast resistance (R) gene Pita2 encodes a novel R protein unique from Pita

Rice blast is generally considered the most devastating rice disease worldwide. The development of resistant varieties has been proven to be the most economical strategy to control the disease. A cluster of re...

Authors: Xiuli Meng, Gui Xiao, Mary Jeanie Telebanco-Yanoria, Paolo Miguel Siazon, Jonas Padilla, Rina Opulencia, Joseph Bigirimana, Georges Habarugira, Jun Wu, Mingyang Li, Baohua Wang, Guo-dong Lu and Bo Zhou

Abscisic Acid Negatively Modulates Heat Tolerance in Rolled Leaf Rice by Increasing Leaf Temperature and Regulating Energy Homeostasis

Abscisic acid (ABA) acts as a signaling hormone in plants against abiotic stress, but its function in energy homeostasis under heat stress is unclear.

Authors: Guangyan Li, Caixia Zhang, Guangheng Zhang, Weimeng Fu, Baohua Feng, Tingting Chen, Shaobing Peng, Longxing Tao and Guanfu Fu

Identification and Characterization of a Large Effect QTL from Oryza glumaepatula Revealed Pi68(t) as Putative Candidate Gene for Rice Blast Resistance

Field resistance is often effective and durable as compared to vertical resistance. The introgression line (INGR15002) derived from O. glumaepatula has proven broad spectrum field resistance for both leaf and ...

Authors: S. J. S. Rama Devi, Kuldeep Singh, B. Umakanth, B. Vishalakshi, K. Vijaya Sudhakara Rao, B. Suneel, S. K. Sharma, Gopala Krishna Murthy Kadambari, M. S. Prasad, P. Senguttvel, Divya P. Syamaladevi and M. S. Madhav

Enhancing xanthine dehydrogenase activity is an effective way to delay leaf senescence and increase rice yield

Xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH) is an important enzyme in purine metabolism. It is involved in regulation of the normal growth and non-biological stress-induced ageing processes in plants. The present study inves...

Authors: Ruicai Han, Xunfeng He, Xiaohua Pan, Qinghua Shi and Ziming Wu

Indeterminate Domain Proteins Regulate Rice Defense to Sheath Blight Disease

Loose Plant Architecture 1 (LPA1), an indeterminate domain (IDD) protein, exhibits almost no expression in the leaves, but the overexpression of LPA1 significantly increases the resistance of rice to sheath bligh...

Authors: Qian Sun, Dan Dan Li, Jin Chu, De Peng Yuan, Shuang Li, Li Juan Zhong, Xiao Han and Yuan Hu Xuan

Natural Sequence Variations and Combinations of GNP1 and NAL1 Determine the Grain Number per Panicle in Rice

The grain number per panicle (GNP), which is one of three grain yield components, is an important trait for the genetic improvement of rice. Although the NAL1 and GNP1 genes regulating the rice GNP and grain yiel...

Authors: Yun Wang, Laiyuan Zhai, Kai Chen, Congcong Shen, Yuntao Liang, Chunchao Wang, Xiuqin Zhao, Shu Wang and Jianlong Xu

Construction and integration of genetic linkage maps from three multi-parent advanced generation inter-cross populations in rice

The construction of genetic maps based on molecular markers is a crucial step in rice genetic and genomic studies. Pure lines derived from multiple parents provide more abundant genetic variation than those fr...

Authors: Pingping Qu, Jinhui Shi, Tianxiao Chen, Kai Chen, Congcong Shen, Jiankang Wang, Xiangqian Zhao, Guoyou Ye, Jianlong Xu and Luyan Zhang

Comprehensive Evaluation and Analysis of the Mechanism of Cold Tolerance Based on the Transcriptome of Weedy Rice Seedlings

In this study, the cold-tolerance capacity of 133 varieties of weedy rice was evaluated based on the comprehensive evaluation index D, with Kongyu 131 used as a cold-tolerant control. A total of 39.8% of the 1...

Authors: Bing Han, Xiaoding Ma, Di Cui, Yanjie Wang, Leiyue Geng, Guilan Cao, Hui Zhang and Longzhi Han

Genome-Wide Association Studies Reveal the Genetic Basis of Fertility Restoration of CMS-WA and CMS-HL in xian/indica and aus Accessions of Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Wild-abortive cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS-WA) and Honglian CMS (CMS-HL) are the two main CMS types utilized in production of three-line hybrid rice in xian/indica (XI) rice. Dissection of the genetic basis of...

Authors: Pingbo Li, Hao Zhou, Hanyuan Yang, Duo Xia, Rongjia Liu, Ping Sun, Quanxiu Wang, Guanjun Gao, Qinglu Zhang, Gongwei Wang and Yuqing He

Characterization of a New qLTG3–1 Allele for Low-temperature Germinability in Rice from the Wild Species Oryza rufipogon

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is generally sensitive to low temperatures, and in production systems that use direct-seeding, low-temperature germinability (LTG) is a desired trait. Previously, the QTLs, qLTG1 and qLTG3,

Authors: Kyu-Chan Shim, Sun Ha Kim, Hyun-Sook Lee, Cheryl Adeva, Yun-A Jeon, Ngoc Ha Luong, Woo-Jin Kim, Mirjalol Akhtamov, Yong-Jin Park and Sang-Nag Ahn

How to start your monocot CRISPR/Cas project: plasmid design, efficiency detection, and offspring analysis

The breakthrough CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat)/Cas9-mediated genome-editing technology has led to great progress in monocot research; however, several factors need to be con...

Authors: Jin-Jun Yue, Chwan-Yang Hong, Pengcheng Wei, Yu-Chang Tsai and Choun-Sea Lin

Intron-Based Single Transcript Unit CRISPR Systems for Plant Genome Editing

Expression of either Cas9 or Cas12a and guide RNAs by a single Polymerase II (Pol II) promoter represents a compact CRISPR expression system and has many advantages for different applications. In order to make...

Authors: Zhaohui Zhong, Shishi Liu, Xiaopei Liu, Binglin Liu, Xu Tang, Qiurong Ren, Jianping Zhou, Xuelian Zheng, Yiping Qi and Yong Zhang

MINI SEED 2 (MIS2) Encodes a Receptor-like Kinase that Controls Grain Size and Shape in Rice

Grain size is a key agronomic trait that is directly associated with grain yield in rice. Although several genes related to grain size in rice have been identified, our understanding of the mechanism of grain ...

Authors: Yan Chun, Jingjing Fang, Syed Adeel Zafar, Jiangyuan Shang, Jinfeng Zhao, Shoujiang Yuan and Xueyong Li

Prevalence of Ineffective Haplotypes at the Rice Blast Resistance (R) Gene Loci in Chinese Elite Hybrid Rice Varieties Revealed by Sequence-Based Molecular Diagnosis

Multiple haplotypes at the same rice blast R-gene locus share extremely high sequence similarity, which makes the gene diagnostic method using molecular markers less effective in differentiation from one another....

Authors: Gui Xiao, Jianyuan Yang, Xiaoyuan Zhu, Jun Wu and Bo Zhou

Beyond Seek and Destroy: how to Generate Allelic Series Using Genome Editing Tools

Genome editing tools have greatly facilitated the functional analysis of genes of interest by targeted mutagenesis. Many usable genome editing tools, including different site-specific nucleases and editor data...

Authors: Leo Herbert, Anne-Cécile Meunier, Martine Bes, Aurore Vernet, Murielle Portefaix, Franz Durandet, Remy Michel, Christian Chaine, Patrice This, Emmanuel Guiderdoni and Christophe Périn

Comparison of CRISPR-Cas9/Cas12a Ribonucleoprotein Complexes for Genome Editing Efficiency in the Rice Phytoene Desaturase (OsPDS) Gene

Delivery of CRISPR reagents into cells as ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes enables transient editing, and avoids CRISPR reagent integration in the genomes. Another technical advantage is that RNP delivery can...

Authors: Raviraj Banakar, Mollie Schubert, Michael Collingwood, Christopher Vakulskas, Alan L. Eggenberger and Kan Wang

Resistance Genes and their Interactions with Bacterial Blight/Leaf Streak Pathogens (Xanthomonas oryzae) in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)—an Updated Review

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a staple food crop, feeding more than 50% of the world’s population. Diseases caused by bacterial, fungal, and viral pathogens constantly threaten the rice production and lead to enormou...

Authors: Nan Jiang, Jun Yan, Yi Liang, Yanlong Shi, Zhizhou He, Yuntian Wu, Qin Zeng, Xionglun Liu and Junhua Peng

OsFPFL4 is Involved in the Root and Flower Development by Affecting Auxin Levels and ROS Accumulation in Rice (Oryza sativa)

FPF1 (flowering-promoting factor 1) is one of the important family involved in the genetic control of flowering time in plant. Until now, limited knowledge concerning FPF1 family in rice has been understood.

Authors: Yaomin Guo, Qi Wu, Zizhao Xie, Bo Yu, Rongfeng Zeng, Qian Min and Junli Huang

Development of Whole-Genome Agarose-Resolvable LInDel Markers in Rice

The level of difficulty involved in separating marker genotypes greatly determines the utilization of such marker-aided selection (MAS) by breeders. Genotyping by use of agarose gel electrophoresis is easily a...

Authors: Wei Hu, Tianhao Zhou, Pengfei Wang, Bo Wang, Jiaming Song, Zhongmin Han, Lingling Chen, Kede Liu and Yongzhong Xing

Genome-Wide Association Analysis Dissects the Genetic Basis of the Grain Carbon and Nitrogen Contents in Milled Rice

Carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) are two fundamental components of starch and protein, which are important determinants of grain yield and quality. The food preferences of consumers and the expected end-use of grai...

Authors: Liang Tang, Fan Zhang, Anjin Liu, Jian Sun, Song Mei, Xin Wang, Zhongyuan Liu, Wanying Liu, Qing Lu and Shuangjie Chen

Lose-of-Function of a Rice Nucleolus-Localized Pentatricopeptide Repeat Protein Is Responsible for the floury endosperm14 Mutant Phenotypes

The endosperm of rice (Oryza sativa) has been usually used for the study of starch synthesis. Although several related factors have been revealed, other unknown members remain to be identified, given that starch ...

Authors: Mengyao Xue, Linglong Liu, Yanfang Yu, Jianping Zhu, Hao Gao, Yihua Wang and Jianmin Wan

Genomic and transcriptomic analysis reveal molecular basis of salinity tolerance in a novel strong salt-tolerant rice landrace Changmaogu

Salt stress is an important factor that limits rice yield. We identified a novel, strongly salt tolerant rice landrace called Changmaogu (CMG) collected from a coastal beach of Zhanjiang, Guangdong Province, C...

Authors: Bing-Rui Sun, Chong-Yun Fu, Zhi-Lan Fan, Yu Chen, Wen-Feng Chen, Jing Zhang, Li-Qun Jiang, Shuwei Lv, Da-Jian Pan and Chen Li

In Loving Memory of Professor Joachim Messing, a Pioneer from Molecular Genetics to Plant Genomics

Authors: Yin Li, Jennifer Ayer, Paul Fourounjian, Jiaqiang Dong, Zhiyong Zhang, Chenxu Liu and Fan Feng

Rice Stress-Resistant SNP Database

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) yield is limited inherently by environmental stresses, including biotic and abiotic stresses. Thus, it is of great importance to perform in-depth explorations on the genes that are closely ...

Authors: Samuel Tareke Woldegiorgis, Shaobo Wang, Yiruo He, Zhenhua Xu, Lijuan Chen, Huan Tao, Yu Zhang, Yang Zou, Andrew Harrison, Lina Zhang, Yufang Ai, Wei Liu and Huaqin He

Competition between Granule Bound Starch Synthase and Starch Branching Enzyme in Starch Biosynthesis

Starch branching enzymes (SBE) and granule-bound starch synthase (GBSS) are two important enzymes for starch biosynthesis. SBE mainly contributes to the formation of side branches, and GBSS mainly contributes ...

Authors: Huaxin Han, Chuantian Yang, Jihui Zhu, Lixia Zhang, Yeming Bai, Enpeng Li and Robert G. Gilbert