Articles

Physiological and molecular responses of seedlings of an upland rice (‘Tung Lu 3’) to total submergence compared to those of a submergence-tolerant lowland rice (‘FR13A’)

Understanding the responses of rice to environmental stresses such as unscheduled submergence is of pressing important owing to increasing severity of weather thought to arise from global climate change. When ...

Authors: Si-Yu Yang, Yu-Sian Wu, Chung-Tse Chen, Ming-Hsin Lai, Hsing-Mu Yen and Chin-Ying Yang

Identification and fine mapping of a new gene, BPH31 conferring resistance to brown planthopper biotype 4 of India to improve rice, Oryza sativa L

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the staple food for more than 3.5 billion people, mainly in Asia. Brown planthopper (BPH) is one of the most destructive insect pests of rice that limits rice production. Host-plant resi...

Authors: G. D. Prahalada, N. Shivakumar, H. C. Lohithaswa, D. K. Sidde Gowda, G. Ramkumar, Sung-Ryul Kim, C. Ramachandra, Shailaja Hittalmani, Trilochan Mohapatra and Kshirod K. Jena

Large-scale deployment of a rice 6 K SNP array for genetics and breeding applications

Fixed arrays of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers have advantages over reduced representation sequencing in their ease of data analysis, consistently higher call rates, and rapid turnaround times. A...

Authors: Michael J. Thomson, Namrata Singh, Maria S. Dwiyanti, Diane R. Wang, Mark H. Wright, Francisco Agosto Perez, Genevieve DeClerck, Joong Hyoun Chin, Geraldine A. Malitic-Layaoen, Venice Margarette Juanillas, Christine J. Dilla-Ermita, Ramil Mauleon, Tobias Kretzschmar and Susan R. McCouch

Dissecting combining ability effect in a rice NCII-III population provides insights into heterosis in indica-japonica cross

Combining ability is a measure for selecting elite parents that make the highest contributions to hybrid performance. However, the genetic bases of combining ability and how they contributed to heterosis is se...

Authors: Hao Zhou, Duo Xia, Jing Zeng, Gonghao Jiang and Yuqing He

Bioinformatics resources for deciphering the biogenesis and action pathways of plant small RNAs

The next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology has revolutionized our previous understanding of the plant genomes, relying on its innate advantages, such as high throughput and deep sequencing depth. In addit...

Authors: Dongliang Yu, Xiaoxia Ma, Ziwei Zuo, Weishan Shao, Huizhong Wang and Yijun Meng

Identification of resistant germplasm containing novel resistance genes at or tightly linked to the Pi2/9 locus conferring broad-spectrum resistance against rice blast

The rice Pi2/9 locus harbors multiple resistance (R) genes each controlling broad-spectrum resistance against diverse isolates of Magnaporthe oryzae, a fungal pathogen causing devastating blast disease to rice. I...

Authors: Gui Xiao, Frances Nikki Borja, Ramil Mauleon, Jonas Padilla, Mary Jeanie Telebanco-Yanoria, Jianxia Yang, Guodong Lu, Maribel Dionisio-Sese and Bo Zhou

Panicle blast 1 (Pb1) resistance is dependent on at least four QTLs in the rice genome

Rice blast is the most serious disease afflicting rice and there is an urgent need for the use of disease resistance (R) genes in blast tolerance breeding programs. Pb1 is classified as a quantitative resistance ...

Authors: Haruhiko Inoue, Mitsuru Nakamura, Tatsumi Mizubayashi, Akira Takahashi, Shoji Sugano, Shuuichi Fukuoka and Nagao Hayashi

Updating the elite rice variety Kongyu 131 by improving the Gn1a locus

Kongyu 131 is an elite japonica rice variety of Heilongjiang Province, China. It has the characteristics of early maturity, superior quality, high yield, cold tolerance and wide adaptability. However, there is po...

Authors: Xiaomin Feng, Chen Wang, Jianzong Nan, Xiaohui Zhang, Rongsheng Wang, Guoqiang Jiang, Qingbo Yuan and Shaoyang Lin

GNS4, a novel allele of DWARF11, regulates grain number and grain size in a high-yield rice variety

Rice plays an extremely important role in food safety because it feeds more than half of the world’s population. Rice grain yield depends on biomass and the harvest index. An important strategy to break throug...

Authors: Yong Zhou, Yajun Tao, Jinyan Zhu, Jun Miao, Jun Liu, Yanhua Liu, Chuandeng Yi, Zefeng Yang, Zhiyun Gong and Guohua Liang

Sugary Endosperm is Modulated by Starch Branching Enzyme IIa in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Starch biosynthesis is one of the most important pathways that determine both grain quality and yield in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Sugary endosperm, sugary-1 (sug-1), is a mutant trait for starch biosynthesis. Rice...

Authors: Yunjoo Lee, Min-Seon Choi, Gileung Lee, Su Jang, Mi-Ra Yoon, Backki Kim, Rihua Piao, Mi-Ok Woo, Joong Hyoun Chin and Hee-Jong Koh

Mesocotyl Elongation is Essential for Seedling Emergence Under Deep-Seeding Condition in Rice

Direct-seeding cultivation by deep-seeding of seeds (drill seeding) is becoming popular due to the scarcity of land and labor. However, poor emergence and inadequate seedling establishment can lead to yield lo...

Authors: Hyun-Sook Lee, Kazuhiro Sasaki, Ju-Won Kang, Tadashi Sato, Won-Yong Song and Sang-Nag Ahn

Phenology, sterility and inheritance of two environment genic male sterile (EGMS) lines for hybrid rice

There is still limited quantitative understanding of how environmental factors affect sterility of Environment-conditioned genic male sterility (EGMS) lines. A model was developed for this purpose and tested b...

Authors: R. El-Namaky and P.A.J. van Oort

Comparative Expression Analysis of Rice and Arabidopsis Peroxiredoxin Genes Suggests Conserved or Diversified Roles Between the Two Species and Leads to the Identification of Tandemly Duplicated Rice Peroxiredoxin Genes Differentially Expressed in Seeds

Peroxiredoxins (PRXs) have recently been identified as plant antioxidants. Completion of various genome sequencing projects has provided genome-wide information about PRX genes in major plant species. Two of t...

Authors: Yun-Shil Gho, Sun-A Park, Sung-Ruyl Kim, Anil Kumar Nalini Chandran, Gynheung An and Ki-Hong Jung

Identification of bakanae disease resistance loci in japonica rice through genome wide association study

Bakanae disease, caused by seed-borne Fusarium species, mainly F. fujikuroi, is a rice disease whose importance is considerably increasing in several rice growing countries, leading to...

Authors: Andrea Volante, Alessandro Tondelli, Maria Aragona, Maria Teresa Valente, Chiara Biselli, Francesca Desiderio, Paolo Bagnaresi, Slavica Matic, Maria Lodovica Gullino, Alessandro Infantino, Davide Spadaro and Giampiero Valè

High Resolution Mapping of QTLs for Heat Tolerance in Rice Using a 5K SNP Array

Heat stress is one of the major abiotic threats to rice production, next to drought and salinity stress. Incidence of heat stress at reproductive phase of the crop results in abnormal pollination leading to fl...

Authors: Shanmugavadivel PS, Amitha Mithra SV, Chandra Prakash, Ramkumar MK, Ratan Tiwari, Trilochan Mohapatra and Nagendra Kumar Singh

Overexpression of Rice Auxilin-Like Protein, XB21, Induces Necrotic Lesions, up-Regulates Endocytosis-Related Genes, and Confers Enhanced Resistance to Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae

The rice immune receptor XA21 confers resistance to the bacterial pathogen, Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo). To elucidate the mechanism of XA21-mediated immunity, we previously performed a yeast two-hybrid sc...

Authors: Chang-Jin Park, Tong Wei, Rita Sharma and Pamela C. Ronald

Rice Bran Metabolome Contains Amino Acids, Vitamins & Cofactors, and Phytochemicals with Medicinal and Nutritional Properties

Rice bran is a functional food that has shown protection against major chronic diseases (e.g. obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease and cancer) in animals and humans, and these health effects have been ass...

Authors: Iman Zarei, Dustin G. Brown, Nora Jean Nealon and Elizabeth P. Ryan

Evolutionary relationships and expression analysis of EUL domain proteins in rice (Oryza sativa)

Lectins, defined as ‘Proteins that can recognize and bind specific carbohydrate structures’, are widespread among all kingdoms of life and play an important role in various biological processes in the cell. Mo...

Authors: Kristof De Schutter, Mariya Tsaneva, Shubhada R. Kulkarni, Pierre Rougé, Klaas Vandepoele and Els J. M. Van Damme

08SG2/OsBAK1 regulates grain size and number, and functions differently in Indica and Japonica backgrounds in rice

Both grain size and grain number are significant for rice yield. In the past decade, a number of genes related to grain size and grain number have been documented, however, the regulatory mechanisms underlying...

Authors: Hua Yuan, Shijun Fan, Juan Huang, Shijie Zhan, Shifu Wang, Peng Gao, Weilan Chen, Bin Tu, Bingtian Ma, Yuping Wang, Peng Qin and Shigui Li

Silencing of the Rice Gene LRR1 Compromises Rice Xa21 Transcript Accumulation and XA21-Mediated Immunity

The rice immune receptor XA21 confers resistance to Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), the causal agent of bacterial leaf blight. We previously demonstrated that an auxilin-like protein, XA21 BINDING PROTEIN 21...

Authors: Daniel F. Caddell, Chang-Jin Park, Nicholas C. Thomas, Patrick E. Canlas and Pamela C. Ronald

Genome-Based Identification of Heterotic Patterns in Rice

Hybrid rice breeding facilitates to increase grain yield and yield stability. Long-term success of hybrid breeding depends on the recognition of high-yielding complementary heterotic patterns, which is lacking...

Authors: Ulrike Beukert, Zuo Li, Guozheng Liu, Yusheng Zhao, Nadhigade Ramachandra, Vilson Mirdita, Fabiano Pita, Klaus Pillen and Jochen Christoph Reif

Association Mapping of Yield and Yield-related Traits Under Reproductive Stage Drought Stress in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

The identification and introgression of major-effect QTLs for grain yield under drought are some of the best and well-proven approaches for improving the drought tolerance of rice varieties. In the present stu...

Authors: B. P. Mallikarjuna Swamy, Noraziyah Abd Aziz Shamsudin, Site Noorzuraini Abd Rahman, Ramil Mauleon, Wickneswari Ratnam, Ma. Teressa Sta. Cruz and Arvind Kumar

A hairy-leaf gene, BLANKET LEAF, of wild Oryza nivara increases photosynthetic water use efficiency in rice

High water use efficiency is essential to water-saving cropping. Morphological traits that affect photosynthetic water use efficiency are not well known. We examined whether leaf hairiness improves photosynthe...

Authors: Norimitsu Hamaoka, Hideshi Yasui, Yoshiyuki Yamagata, Yoko Inoue, Naruto Furuya, Takuya Araki, Osamu Ueno and Atsushi Yoshimura

Erratum to: Aldo-ketoreductase 1 (AKR1) improves seed longevity in tobacco and rice by detoxifying reactive cytotoxic compounds generated during ageing

Authors: Kodadinne Narayana Nisarga, Ramu S. Vemanna, Babitha Kodekallu Chandrashekar, Hanumantha Rao, Amaranatha Reddy Vennapusa, Ashwini Narasimaha, Udayakumar Makarla and Mohan Raju Basavaiah

Dissection of broad-spectrum resistance of the Thai rice variety Jao Hom Nin conferred by two resistance genes against rice blast

Rice (Oryza sativa) is one of the most important food crops in the world. Rice blast, caused by the fungal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae, is one of the most destructive rice diseases worldwide. To effectively cope ...

Authors: Chaivarakun Chaipanya, Mary Jeanie Telebanco-Yanoria, Berlaine Quime, Apinya Longya, Siripar Korinsak, Siriporn Korinsak, Theerayut Toojinda, Apichart Vanavichit, Chatchawan Jantasuriyarat and Bo Zhou

Erratum to: Population dynamics among six major groups of the Oryza rufipogon species complex, wild relative of cultivated Asian rice

Authors: HyunJung Kim, Janelle Jung, Namrata Singh, Anthony Greenberg, Jeff J. Doyle, Wricha Tyagi, Jong-Wook Chung, Jennifer Kimball, Ruaraidh Sackville Hamilton and Susan R. McCouch

Genome-wide identification of grain filling genes regulated by the OsSMF1 transcription factor in rice

Spatial- and temporal-specific expression patterns are primarily regulated at the transcriptional level by gene promoters. Therefore, it is important to identify the binding motifs of transcription factors to ...

Authors: Joung Sug Kim, Songhwa Chae, Kyong Mi Jun, Yoon-Mok Pahk, Tae-Ho Lee, Pil Joong Chung, Yeon-Ki Kim and Baek Hie Nahm

Identification of QTLs for yield and agronomic traits in rice under stagnant flooding conditions

Stagnant flooding, where water of 25–50 cm remains until harvest time, is a major problem in rainfed lowland areas. Most of the Sub1 varieties, which can withstand around 2 weeks of complete submergence, perfo...

Authors: Anshuman Singh, Jerome Carandang, Zennia Jean C. Gonzaga, Bertrand C. Y. Collard, Abdelbagi M. Ismail and Endang M. Septiningsih

Diurnal Changes in Transcript and Metabolite Levels during the Iron Deficiency Response of Rice

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is highly susceptible to iron (Fe) deficiency due to low secretion levels of the mugineic acid (MA) family phytosiderophore (PS) 2′-deoxymugineic acid (DMA) into the rhizosphere. The low le...

Authors: Jamie Selby-Pham, Adrian Lutz, Laura T. Moreno-Moyano, Berin A. Boughton, Ute Roessner and Alexander A. T. Johnson

Distribution, genetic diversity and potential spatiotemporal scale of alien gene flow in crop wild relatives of rice (Oryza spp.) in Colombia

Crop wild relatives (CWRs) of rice hold important traits that can contribute to enhancing the ability of cultivated rice (Oryza sativa and O. glaberrima) to produce higher yields, cope with the effects of climate...

Authors: Evert Thomas, Eduardo Tovar, Carolina Villafañe, José Leonardo Bocanegra and Rodrigo Moreno

Overexpression of OsHSP18.0-CI Enhances Resistance to Bacterial Leaf Streak in Rice

The small heat shock proteins represent a large family of proteins that respond to a wide range of abiotic and biotic stresses. OsHsp18.0-CI confers tolerance to salt and cadmium and interacts with viral RNA-d...

Authors: Yanhu Ju, Hongjuan Tian, Ruihua Zhang, Liping Zuo, Guixiu Jin, Qian Xu, Xinhua Ding, Xiangkui Li and Zhaohui Chu

Aldo-ketoreductase 1 (AKR1) improves seed longevity in tobacco and rice by detoxifying reactive cytotoxic compounds generated during ageing

Maintenance of seed viability is an important factor for seedling vigour and plant establishment. Lipid peroxidation mediated reactive carbonyl compounds (RCC’s) and non-enzymatic modifications of proteins thr...

Authors: Kodadinne Narayana Nisarga, Ramu S Vemanna, Babitha Kodekallu Chandrashekar, Hanumantha Rao, Amaranatha Reddy Vennapusa, Ashwini Narasimaha, Udayakumar Makarla and Mohan Raju Basavaiah

Development and Genetic Characterization of A Novel Herbicide (Imazethapyr) Tolerant Mutant in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Increased water and labour scarcity in major rice growing areas warrants a shift towards direct seeded rice cultivation under which management of weeds is a major issue. Use of broad spectrum non-selective her...

Authors: D. Shoba, M. Raveendran, S. Manonmani, S. Utharasu, D. Dhivyapriya, G. Subhasini, S. Ramchandar, R. Valarmathi, Nitasha Grover, S. Gopala Krishnan, A. K. Singh, Pawan Jayaswal, Prashant Kale, M. K. Ramkumar, S. V. Amitha Mithra, T. Mohapatra…

Genotypic and Environmental Variations in Grain Cadmium and Arsenic Concentrations Among a Panel of High Yielding Rice Cultivars

Rice is a major dietary source of cadmium (Cd) and arsenic (As) for populations consuming rice as the staple food. Excessive Cd and As accumulation in rice grain is of great concern worldwide, especially in So...

Authors: Guilan Duan, Guosheng Shao, Zhong Tang, Hongping Chen, Boxun Wang, Zhu Tang, Yuping Yang, Yuechuan Liu and Fang-Jie Zhao

Genome-wide Association Analysis Tracks Bacterial Leaf Blight Resistance Loci In Rice Diverse Germplasm

A range of resistance loci against different races of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), the pathogen causing bacterial blight (BB) disease of rice, have been discovered and characterized. Several have been dep...

Authors: Christine Jade Dilla-Ermita, Erwin Tandayu, Venice Margarette Juanillas, Jeffrey Detras, Dennis Nicuh Lozada, Maria Stefanie Dwiyanti, Casiana Vera Cruz, Edwige Gaby Nkouaya Mbanjo, Edna Ardales, Maria Genaleen Diaz, Merlyn Mendioro, Michael J. Thomson and Tobias Kretzschmar

Differential Regulation of Starch-synthetic Gene Expression in Endosperm Between Indica and Japonica Rice Cultivars

Grain filling rates (GFRs) of indica rice cultivars are often higher than those of japonica cultivars. Although GFR is mainly determined by the starch accumulation rate (SAR) in endosperm, the genetic basis for S...

Authors: Tsuyoshi Inukai

OsRLCK 57, OsRLCK107 and OsRLCK118 Positively Regulate Chitin- and PGN-Induced Immunity in Rice

The receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase, OsRLCK176 has been reported to participate in both chitin- and PGN-induced immunity in rice. Here, we further researched the function of the homologous proteins, OsRLCK57,...

Authors: Zhangqun Li, Ying Ao, Dongru Feng, Jun Liu, Jinfa Wang, Hong-Bin Wang and Bing Liu

The Nup98 Homolog APIP12 Targeted by the Effector AvrPiz-t is Involved in Rice Basal Resistance Against Magnaporthe oryzae

The effector AvrPiz-t of Magnaporthe oryzae has virulence function in rice. However, the mechanism underlying its virulence in host is not fully understood.

Authors: Mingzhi Tang, Yuese Ning, Xiaoli Shu, Bo Dong, Hongyan Zhang, Dianxing Wu, Hua Wang, Guo-Liang Wang and Bo Zhou

Evolutionary analysis of the SUB1 locus across the Oryza genomes

Tolerance to complete submergence is recognized in a limited number of Asian rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties, most of which contain submergence-inducible SUB1A on the polygenic SUBMERGENCE-1 (SUB1) locus. It has...

Authors: Railson Schreinert dos Santos, Daniel da Rosa Farias, Camila Pegoraro, Cesar Valmor Rombaldi, Takeshi Fukao, Rod A. Wing and Antonio Costa de Oliveira

A temporal and spatial contribution of asparaginase to asparagine catabolism during development of rice grains

Asparagine is one of the most dominant organic nitrogen compounds in phloem and xylem sap in a wide range of plant species. Asparaginase (ASNase; EC, 3.5.1.1) catabolizes asparagine into aspartate and ammonium...

Authors: Yui Yabuki, Miwa Ohashi, Fumi Imagawa, Keiki Ishiyama, Marcel Pascal Beier, Noriyuki Konishi, Toshiko Umetsu-Ohashi, Toshihiko Hayakawa, Tomoyuki Yamaya and Soichi Kojima

Ability of Rf5 and Rf6 to Restore Fertility of Chinsurah Boro II-type Cytoplasmic Male Sterile Oryza Sativa (ssp. Japonica) Lines

Three-line Oryza sativa (ssp. japonica) hybrids have been developed mainly using Chinsurah Boro II (BT)-type cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS). The Rf1 gene restores the fertility of BT-type CMS lines, and is the ...

Authors: Honggen Zhang, Jianlan Che, Yongshen Ge, Yan Pei, Lijia Zhang, Qiaoquan Liu, Minghong Gu and Shuzhu Tang

Two NADPH: Protochlorophyllide Oxidoreductase (POR) Isoforms Play Distinct Roles in Environmental Adaptation in Rice

NADPH: protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase (POR) is an essential enzyme that catalyzes the photoreduction of protochlorophyllide to chlorophyllide, which is ultimately converted to chlorophyll in developing lea...

Authors: Choon-Tak Kwon, Suk-Hwan Kim, Giha Song, Dami Kim and Nam-Chon Paek

The Rice Pentatricopeptide Repeat Gene TCD10 is Needed for Chloroplast Development under Cold Stress

Chloroplast plays a vital role in plant development and growth. The pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) gene family is one of the largest gene families in plants. In addition, cold stress affects a broad spectrum o...

Authors: Lanlan Wu, Jun Wu, Yanxia Liu, Xiaodi Gong, Jianlong Xu, Dongzhi Lin and Yanjun Dong

Marker-assisted breeding of the rice restorer line Wanhui 6725 for disease resistance, submergence tolerance and aromatic fragrance

Rice is a staple food crop in the world. With the increase in world population and economic development, farmers need to produce more rice in limited field. However, the rice production is frequently affected ...

Authors: Yanchang Luo, Tingchen Ma, Aifang Zhang, Kar Hui Ong, Zefu Li, Jianbo Yang and Zhongchao Yin

Suppression of OsVPE3 Enhances Salt Tolerance by Attenuating Vacuole Rupture during Programmed Cell Death and Affects Stomata Development in Rice

Vacuolar processing enzymes (VPEs) are cysteine proteinases that act as crucial mediators of programmed cell death (PCD) in plants. In rice, however, the role of VPEs in abiotic stress-induced PCD remains larg...

Authors: Wenyun Lu, Minjuan Deng, Fu Guo, Mingqiang Wang, Zhanghui Zeng, Ning Han, Yinong Yang, Muyuan Zhu and Hongwu Bian

SMALL GRAIN 11 Controls Grain Size, Grain Number and Grain Yield in Rice

Grain size is one of key agronomic traits that determine grain yield in rice. Several regulators of grain size have been identified in rice, but the mechanisms that determine grain size and yield remain largel...

Authors: Na Fang, Ran Xu, Luojiang Huang, Baolan Zhang, Penggen Duan, Na Li, Yuehua Luo and Yunhai Li

OsWRKY80-OsWRKY4 Module as a Positive Regulatory Circuit in Rice Resistance Against Rhizoctonia solani

Plant WRKY transcription factors play pivotal roles in diverse biological processes but most notably in plant defense response to pathogens. Sheath blight represents one of the predominant diseases in rice. Ho...

Authors: Xixu Peng, Haihua Wang, Jyan-Chyun Jang, Ting Xiao, Huanhuan He, Dan Jiang and Xinke Tang

QTL Mapping of Grain Quality Traits Using Introgression Lines Carrying Oryza rufipogon Chromosome Segments in Japonica Rice

Improved eating quality is a major breeding target in japonica rice due to market demand. Consequently, quantitative trait loci (QTL) for glossiness of cooked rice and amylose content associated with eating quali...

Authors: Yeo-Tae Yun, Chong-Tae Chung, Young-Ju Lee, Han-Jung Na, Jae-Chul Lee, Sun-Gye Lee, Kwang-Won Lee, Young-Hwan Yoon, Ju-Won Kang, Hyun-Sook Lee, Jong-Yeol Lee and Sang-Nag Ahn

Genome-wide Association Mapping of Cold Tolerance Genes at the Seedling Stage in Rice

Rice is a temperature-sensitive crop and its production is severely affected by low temperature in temperate and sub-tropical regions. To understand the genetic basis of cold tolerance in rice, we evaluated th...

Authors: Dan Wang, Jinling Liu, Chengang Li, Houxiang Kang, Yue Wang, Xinqiu Tan, Minghao Liu, Yufei Deng, Zhilong Wang, Yong Liu, Deyong Zhang, Yinghui Xiao and Guo-Liang Wang

Isolation and Characterization of an Aluminum-resistant Mutant in Rice

Aluminum (Al) toxicity represents a major constraint for crop production on acid soils. Rice is a high Al-resistant plant species among small-grain cereals, but its molecular mechanisms of Al resistance are no...

Authors: Shuo Liu, Huiling Gao, Xiaoyan Wu, Qiu Fang, Lan Chen, Fang-Jie Zhao and Chao-Feng Huang