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08SG2/OsBAK1 regulates grain size and number, and functions differently in Indica and Japonica backgrounds in rice

Rice volume 10, Article number: 25 (2017) Cite this article

Abstract

Background

Both grain size and grain number are significant for rice yield. In the past decade, a number of genes related to grain size and grain number have been documented, however, the regulatory mechanisms underlying them remains ambiguous.

Results

We identified a rice small grain (sg2) mutant in an EMS mutant library generated from an indica variety, Shuhui498. Using the MutMap gene mapping strategy, we identified two linkage regions on chromosome 7 and 8, respectively, consistent with the segregation ratios in the F2 population. We focused on the linkage region on chromosome 8, and named this locus as 08sg2. One of three SNPs identified in the linkage region was located in an exon of OsBAK1, leading to a nonsynonymous mutation in the kinase domain. The plant harboring the mutant version 08sg2 locus exhibited a decreased grain size, grain number and plant height. Cytological analysis indicated that 08SG2 regulated spikelet hull development by affecting cell proliferation. The grain size and number of knockout mutants of OsBAK1 in the japonica background were significantly decreased, but less so than in 08sg2, supporting the idea that the SNP in OsBAK1 was responsible for the 08sg2 phenotype, but that 08SG2/OsBAK1 function differently in indica and japonica backgrounds. 08sg2 was insensitive to 24-epiBL, and the expression of BR-related genes was obviously altered in 08sg2. The proportionally decreased grain length when 08sg2 and GS3 were combined indicate that 08SG2 and GS3 regulate grain length independently.

Conclusions

Our work shows that 08SG2/OsBAK1 is important for rice yield in both indica and japonica backgrounds, by regulating grain size and grain number, and the function of 08SG2/OsBAK1 is obviously affected by genetic background. The amino acid substituted in 08sg2 is highly conserved among different species, supporting the idea that it is important for the molecular function of 08SG2/OsBAK1. Together, our work is helpful for fully understanding the function of 08SG2/OsBAK1.

Background

Grain size and grain number are the most important factors determining grain yield in rice. So far, a lot of genes related to grain size and number have been documented. Regarding grain size, multiple signaling pathways that influence grain size have been identified in rice (Li and Li 2014, 2016; Zheng et al. 2015; Zuo and Li 2014), including the ubiquitination-mediated proteasomal degradation pathway, G-protein signaling pathway, the mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway, transcriptional regulatory factors and phytohormone pathways. The ubiquitination-mediated proteasomal degradation pathway includes GW2 (Song et al. 2007) and GW5/qSW5 (Shomura et al. 2008; Weng et al. 2008), and the G-protein signaling pathway includes GS3 and DEP1. GS3 is a homolog of AGG3, the G protein γ-subunit of Arabidopsis (Li et al. 2012), which encodes a putative transmembrane protein and functions as a negative regulator for grain size (Fan et al. 2006; Mao et al. 2010). DEP1 encodes a plant-specific G protein γ subunit and mutants in it have short grains (Huang et al. 2009). The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway includes OsMKK4 and OsMAPK6. OsMAPK6 interacts strongly with OsMKK4, indicating that the OsMKK4-OsMAPK6 cascade influences grain size in rice (Duan et al. 2014; Liu et al. 2015). The transcriptional regulatory factors pathway includes GW8, GLW7 and GS2/GL2/GLW2/OsGRF4. GW8 and GLW7 encode the plant-specific transcription factors OsSPL16 and OsSPL13 (Si et al. 2016; Wang et al. 2012), respectively. GS2/GL2/GLW2 encodes a transcription factor Growth-Regulating Factor 4 (OsGRF4), which regulates grain length and width mainly by promoting cell expansion (Che et al. 2015; Duan et al. 2015; Hu et al. 2015; Li et al. 2016). Another important signaling pathway controlling grain size is phytohormone pathway, which has been proven to play a crucial role in rice development, especially in the course of grain growth. For example, GS5, a putative serine carboxypeptidase, functions as a positive regulator of grain size (Li et al. 2011), and inhibits the interaction between OsBAK1-7 and OsMSBP1, suggesting that GS5 might regulate grain size through the brassinosteroids (BR) signaling pathway (Xu et al. 2015). GL3.1/qGL3 encodes a putative protein phosphatase with a Kelch-like repeat domain (OsPPKL1), and may function as a negative regulator through BR signaling in rice (Hu et al. 2012; Qi et al. 2012; Zhang et al. 2012). Regarding grain number, many QTLs and genes have been cloned, such as Gn1a (Ashikari et al. 2005), DEP1 (Yan et al. 2007), DEP3 (Qiao et al. 2011), GNP1 (Wu et al. 2016b) and GAD1 (Jin et al. 2016). However, as complex agronomic traits, the regulatory mechanism of grain size and number remains largely unknown.

OsBAK1, as a BRI1-associated receptor kinase (BAK1), has been proven to participate in BR signal transduction and regulate plant architecture in rice (Li et al. 2009; Shimin et al. 2014), but no mutants have been identified so far, and there was no comprehensive investigation of OsBAK1 function on yield-related traits. In this study, we identified a mutant of OsBAK1 in the indica background, named 08sg2, which exhibited a decreased plant height, grain size, grain number and panicle length. Loss of function of OsBAK1 in the japonica background exhibited significantly decreased grain size and number, but less so than in the indica background. Our results show that the reduced grain length of 08sg2 was due to decreased cell proliferation. 08sg2 was insensitive to BR, and 08SG2 affected the expression of BR-related genes. Pyramiding analysis indicated that 08SG2/OsBAK1 regulate grain length independently of GS3.

Results

Isolation the 08sg2 mutant from a small grain (sg2) mutant

We identified a small grain (sg2) mutant from an EMS mutant library generated from an indica variety Shuhui498 (R498), which is an excellent restorer of hybrid rice. The sg2 mutant showed a significant change of plant height, grain size and panicle architecture (Additional file 1: Figure S1, Additional file 1: Table S1). To identify the gene responsible for the sg2 phenotype, we generated a F2 population from a cross between sg2 mutant and the parental line R498. Only 28 plants, about one-sixteenth of the plants (χ2 (15:1) = 1.45 < (χ2 (0.05,1) = 3.84) showed short grain length (Additional file 1: Figure S2A), suggesting that two recessive loci were responsible for the sg2 phenotype. Subsequently, we applied the MutMap strategy for gene mapping (Abe et al. 2012). Consistent with the segregation ratio, we identified two linkage regions on chromosome 7 and 8, respectively (Additional file 1: Figure S2B). These results suggest that the sg2 mutant phenotype is due to two recessive mutations, simultaneously. In this study, we focused on the linkage region on chromosome 8, and named this locus 08sg2.

Three linkage SNPs (SNP index = 1) on chromosome 8 were identified (Additional file 1: Table S2), which were located in LOC_Os08g05980, LOC_Os08g07760 and LOC_Os08g08000, respectively. RNA-sequencing showed that only LOC_Os08g07760 and LOC_Os08g08000 were expressed in young panicles, furthermore, only the SNP2 in LOC_Os08g07760 led to a nonsynonymous mutation of a glycine (GGT) to an aspartic acid (GAT) (Additional file 1: Table S2). Therefore, we considered LOC_Os08g07760 as the best candidate gene for 08SG2, which was identified as a BRI1-associated receptor kinase (BAK1) that participates in BR signal transduction (Li et al. 2009). Then, we obtained plants harboring only the 08sg2 locus using markers based on the SNP in 08SG2/OsBAK1, and generated a F2 segregation population from a cross between 08sg2 and R498. The SNP in LOC_Os08g07760 was co-segregated with the plants with extremely short grain from F2 population (Additional file 1: Figure S3), confirming LOC_Os08g07760 as the best candidate gene for 08SG2.

The 08sg2 mutant exhibits a decreased grain size and grain number

To eliminate other potential mutations, 08sg2 was backcrossed with R498 three times. Compared with R498, the plant height of 08sg2 was reduced (Fig. 1a, i), which was mainly due to the shortened panicle length and uppermost internode (Additional file 1: Figure S4). The grain length and width of 08sg2 was reduced, 10.2% and 2.7%, respectively, as a result, the 1000-grain weight of 08sg2 was reduced 12.8% (Fig. 1b, c, f, g, h). We dynamically investigated the fresh and dry weight of endosperm between 08sg2 and R498. Both fresh and dry weight of 08sg2 endosperm was significantly less than those of R498 from 9 days after fertilization (Additional file 1: Figure S5), indicating that 08sg2 had a slower grain filling rate. In addition, the panicle length of 08sg2 was reduced 11.9% (Fig. 1e, j). The number of primary branches had no significant difference from that of R498 (Fig. 1d, k), but the number of secondary branches was reduced 8.6%, resulting in a 9.7% reduction in grain number per panicle (Fig. 1l, m). Consistent with this, the expression of OsCLV1 and OsCLV2, which are negative regulators of panicle branching (Chu et al. 2006; Suzaki et al. 2004), were significantly up-regulated in 08sg2 (Additional file 1: Figure S6). Due to the reduction of both grain size and grain number, the grain weight per panicle of 08sg2 was significantly reduced, up to 23.3% (Fig. 1n).

Fig. 1
figure 1

Comparisons of phenotype between R498 and 08sg2. a The phenotype of R498 and 08sg2 at reproductive stage. Scale bar, 10 cm. b, c Comparisons of the grain length and grain width between R498 and 08sg2. Scale bar, 3 mm. d, e The panicle morphology of R498 and 08sg2. Scale bar, 3 cm. f Grain length. g Grain width. h 1,000-grain weight. i Plant height. j Panicle length. k Number of primary branches. l Number of secondary branches. m Number of grains per panicle. n Grain weight per panicle. All phenotypic data in F–N were measured from plants grown in paddies under normal cultivation conditions with three-time repeats. Data are given as means ± SD. Student’s t-test was used to generate the P values; ** and NS indicate P < 0.01 and no significant differences, respectively

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08SG2 regulates the development of spikelet hull by affecting cell proliferation

To explore the cytological mechanism which led to the reduction of spikelet hulls, we used scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to compare the cell lengths of the inner and outer epidermal cells in spikelet hulls in R498 and 08sg2 (Fig. 2b-e). The cell length of the inner and outer epidermal cells of R498 and 08sg2 were not statistically different (Fig. 2g, i), but the number of inner and outer epidermal cells in the longitudinal direction was significantly less in 08sg2 than in R498 (Fig. 2h, j). Taken together, these results indicate that the reduction in cell number is responsible for the decreased grain length of 08sg2. We then checked the expression level of cell-cycle related genes in R498 and 08sg2. In young panicles, the expression level of CDT2 and several MCM genes, which are involved in the G1-to-S transition, were significantly reduced in 08sg2 (Fig. 2k). These results suggest that 08SG2 regulates cell number by affecting cell proliferation.

Fig. 2
figure 2

08SG2 regulates grain length by changing cell division patterns. a The spikelet hulls of R498 and 08sg2 plants before anthesis. Scale bar, 3 mm. b, c Inner epidermal cells of the lemma observed by SEM. Scale bar, 100 μm. d, e Outer epidermal cells of the lemma observed by SEM. Scale bar, 100 μm. f Comparison of spikelet hull length between R498 and 08sg2 (n = 10). g, h Comparison analysis of the cell length, cell number in the inner epidermal cells (n = 30). i, j Comparison analysis of the cell length, cell number in the outer epidermal cells (n = 30). k Transcript levels of the cell cycle-related genes in R498 and 08sg2. The analysis of relative expression levels was determined by qRT-PCR using 5–7 cm young panicles. OsActin was used as the control and the values of expression levels in R498 were set to one (n = 3). f-k, Data are given as means ± SD. Student’s t-test was used to generate the P values; ** indicate P < 0.01

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Furthermore, we analyzed the expression level of several genes related to grain size. The expression of TGW6, which negatively controls grain length and thousand-grain weight (Ishimaru et al. 2013), was increased 1.8 times in 08sg2 (Additional file 1: Figure S7), consistent with the 08sg2 small grain phenotype. Therefore, 08SG2 is likely to regulate grain length through TGW6.

08sg2 is a loss of function mutant of OsBAK1

To further confirm that the mutation in OsBAK1 was responsible for the 08sg2 phenotype, we used the CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing system (Shan et al. 2013) to knockout OsBAK1 in Nipponbare (japonica) background. The target site was designed at the third exon of OsBAK1 (Fig. 3a), ensuring a loss of function mutant. Four independent homozygous mutants (KO1-4) with different mutation types were obtained, and all mutations results in premature stop codons (Fig. 3b). Homozygous mutants of OsBAK1 without T-DNA insertion were obtained from T1 generation. We then comprehensively investigated the agronomic traits in the T2. Relative to WT (Nipponbare), all four loss of function lines of OsBAK1 were slightly shorter (Fig. 3i, Additional file 1: Figure S8), and the grain length and grain width decreased 6.3% and 3.4%, respectively (Fig. 3c, d, f, g), resulting a 10.1% reduction of 1000-grain weight (Fig. 3h). The panicle length and grain number per panicle were reduced 7.1% and 6.0%, respectively (Fig. 3e, j, k). Seed setting rate was not different (Additional file 1: Figure S9H). The reduction in both grain size and grain number resulted an 18.1% reduction of grain weight per panicle in all knockout mutants of OsBAK1 (Fig. 3l). Together, OsBAK1 knockout lines in the japonica background showed significantly decreased grain size and number, as in the 08sg2 mutant, but the reduction percentage was obvious smaller than 08sg2 in the indica background, except for grain width (Table 1), confirming that the SNP2 in OsBAK1 is responsible for the 08sg2 mutant phenotype, and indicating that 08sg2 is a loss of function mutant but the effect of 08SG2/OsBAK1 on grain size and number is different between indica and japonica background.

Fig. 3
figure 3

Generation of loss of function mutants of OsBAK1 and comparisons of their phenotypes. a Schematic diagram of the target sites in the OsBAK1. The UTRs, exons and introns are indicated by blank rectangles, black rectangles and black lines, respectively. The targeted sites are labeled in black uppercase letters. and the protospacer adjacent motif (PAM) sequences are highlighted in red and underlined. The numbers labeled under the target sequences indicate the distance away from the translation start site (ATG, from 5’to 3’). SP, signal peptide. ZIP, leucine zipper. LRRs, leucine-rich repeats. SPP, pro-rich domain containing the Ser-Pro-Pro (SPP) motif. TM, transmembrane domain. The start codon (ATG) and the stop codon (TGA) are indicated. The 08sg2 mutation in the OsBAK1 was shown. b Sequence alignment of the mutants within the OsBAK1 target in the T1 plants. The wild-type (WT) sequence is depicted at the top with the target sequence in blue and the PAM sequence in red. The deleted sequences are shown by black hyphens, and the number of the deletions are showed on the right. c, d Comparisons of the grain length and grain width between WT and knock out mutants. Scale bar, 3 mm. e The panicle morphology of WT and knock-out mutants. Scale bar, 3 cm. f Grain length. g Grain width. h 1,000-grain weight. i Plant height. j Panicle length. k Number of grains per panicle. l Grain weight per panicle. All phenotypic data in F–L were measured from plants grown in paddies under normal cultivation conditions with three-time repeats. Data are given as means ± SD. Student’s t-test was used to generate the P values; *, ** indicate P < 0.05, P < 0.01, respectively

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Table 1 Comparisons of the reduction percentage of 08SG2/OsBAK1 mutation in indica and japonica backgrounds
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OsBAK1 was expressed ubiquitously in all organs examined, with a relatively higher expression in developing young inflorescences (Additional file 1: Figure S10), supporting the biological roles of 08SG2/OsBAK1 in regulating grain size and grain number. The sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis of the homologs of OsBAK1 showed that OsBAK1 was conserved in different species (Additional file 1: Figure S11; Additional file 1: Figure S12), notably, the amino acid substitution in 08sg2 (G310D), which was located in the kinase domain of OsBAK1 (Fig. 3a), was highly conserved among different species (Additional file 1: Figure S11), suggesting that this amino acid may be important for 08SG2/OsBAK1 function.

The 08sg2 mutant is insensitive to 24-epiBL

OsBAK1 was reported to participate in BR signal transduction, and its expression level affected sensitivity to BR (Li et al. 2009). Therefore, we performed a series of experiments to investigate the BR sensitivity of 08sg2. Firstly, we analyzed the sensitivity of the 08sg2 mutant to 24-epibrassinolide (24-epiBL) with a lamina joint assay, which is a quantitative method to analyze response to BR (Yamamuro et al. 2000). The lamina joint angles of R498 increased significantly after 24-epiBL treatment, whereas those of the 08sg2 had no obvious response (Fig. 4a, e). The mesocotyl elongation of R498 was more obvious than that of 08sg2 when grown in darkness (Fig. 4b, f). In addition, many studies had indicated that BR would promote coleoptile growth and inhibit root elongation with wavy form in wild type plants, a good indicator of a BR-responsive phenotype (Duan et al. 2014; Jiang et al. 2012; Liu et al. 2015; Yamamuro et al. 2000). R498 and 08sg2 seeds were germinated and grown on ½MS medium with or without 1 μM 24-epiBL treatment, respectively. The roots of R498 exhibited a wavy, curly and reduced root length phenotype when treated with 1 μM 24-epiBL, while the 08sg2 showed similar growth patterns with or without exogenously supplied 24-epiBL (Fig. 4c, g). Furthermore, exogenous 24-epiBL significantly promoted wild type (R498) coleoptile growth, but there was no obvious promotion in 08sg2 (Fig. 4d, h). Together, these results suggest that the 08sg2 mutant is insensitive to BR.

Fig. 4
figure 4

The 08sg2 mutant is insensitive to 24-epiBL. a Lamina joint of R498 and 08sg2 in response to 24-epiBL treatment. b Comparisons of the mesocotyls elongation between R498 and 08sg2 when plants were grown in complete darkness, arrows indicate the nodes. c Roots of R498 and 08sg2 seedlings grown on ½MS medium without (left) or with (right) 1 μM 24-epiBL treatment. d The coleoptile elongation of R498 and 08sg2 without (left) or with (right) 1 μM 24-epiBL treatment. e Measurements of the lamina joints angles of the wild type and 08sg2 after treatment with various concentrations of 24-epiBL. f The mesocotyls length of R498 and 08sg2 when plants were grown in complete darkness. g Roots length of R498 and 08sg2 seedlings grown on ½MS medium with 1 μM 24-epiBL treatment. h Coleoptile length of R498 and 08sg2 seedlings grown on ½MS medium with 1 μM 24-epiBL treatment. Bars = 10 mm. i The analysis of relative expression level was determined by qRT-PCR using young panicles (5-7 cm) during the inflorescence development. OsActin was used as the control and the values of expression levels in R498 were set to one (n = 3). Data are given as means ± SD. Student’s t-test was used to generate the P values; *, ** and NS indicate P < 0.05, P < 0.01 and no significant differences, respectively

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08sg2 affects the expression of BR-related genes

08SG2/OsBAK1 was involved in BR signal transduction (Li et al. 2009) and the 08sg2 mutant appeared insensitive to BR (Fig. 4a-h). We therefore analyzed the expression level of BR signaling-related genes, including OsBRI1, OsMDP1, D1, OsBZR1, OsLIC1, DLT, ILI1, BU1, RAVL1, GSK2 and TUD1 (Bai et al. 2007; Duan et al. 2006; Hu et al. 2013; Je et al. 2010; Tanaka et al. 2009; Tong et al. 2009; Tong et al. 2012; Wang et al. 2008; Wang et al. 2006; Yamamuro et al. 2000; Zhang et al. 2009). Only the expression of BU1, which was reported to be a positive regulator of BR signaling, was down-regulated in 08sg2 (Fig. 4i).

In addition, many studies had reported that BR mutants usually had feedback regulation of BR biosynthetic genes (Duan et al. 2014; Fang et al. 2016; Hong et al. 2003; Liu et al. 2015; Yamamuro et al. 2000). We therefore analyzed the expression of BR biosynthetic genes in R498 and 08sg2 in young panicles, including OsDWARF, D2, D11, OsDWARF4 (Hong et al. 2003; Mori et al. 2002; Sakamoto et al. 2006; Tanabe et al. 2005). The expression levels of OsDWARF, D2 and OsDWARF4 were significantly up-regulated in 08sg2 (Fig. 4i). These results suggest that mutation in 08SG2/OsBAK1 results in the feedback regulation of BR biosynthesis in rice.

08SG2/OsBAK1 and GS3 regulate grain length in independent pathways

The major grain length QTL GS3 was reported to encode a protein with a transmembrane domain (Fan et al. 2006; Mao et al. 2010), and another study indicated that GS3 might participate in BR signaling by indirectly influencing BRS1 (Gao et al. 2015), which is involved in a BRI1-mediated BR signaling pathway in Arabidopsis thaliana (Li et al. 2001). Therefore, 08SG2/OsBAK1 might regulate grain length through GS3. The gs3 in the 08sg2 background (R498) is loss of function, which was identified by a PCR-based marker based on the functional nucleotide polymorphism in GS3 (Ramkumar et al. 2010), and exhibited a long-grain phenotype (Fig. 5a, Additional file 1: Figure S13B, D). We generated a near-isogenic line NIL-GS3 in the same background with 08sg2, using an indica rice variety R3551 as the donor of functional GS3 (Additional file 1: Figure S13B, D). Compared with the grain size of R498, the grain length and width of NIL-GS3 R3551 was decreased by 11.5%, and increased 1.4%, respectively (Fig. 5a, b, d, e, Additional file 1: Figure S13B, C), consistent with the role of GS3 as a major QTL for grain length and a minor QTL for grain width (Fan et al. 2006). We crossed 08sg2 with NIL-GS3 R3551 and generated a pyramiding line 08sg2/NIL-GS3 R3551. The 08sg2/NIL-GS3 R3551 plants showed a more severely reduced grain size; grain length and width were reduced 22.7%, and increased 0.7%, respectively, indicating that the effect of 08sg2/NIL-GS3 R3551 on grain length was just a pyramiding effect of 08sg2/Osbak1 (−10.2%) and GS3 (−11.5%) (Fig. 5). In addition, the 08SG2/OsBAK1 expression level was not affected in NIL-GS3 panicle, nor was the GS3 expression level in the 08sg2 mutant (Additional file 1: Figure S14). The effect of 08sg2/NIL-GS3 R3551 on grain width (0.7%) was not a simple effect pyramiding of 08sg2/Osbak1 (−2.7%) and GS3 (1.4%). Taken together, our results indicate that 08SG2/OsBAK1 and GS3 likely regulate grain length in independent pathways, but they might have some genetic interaction regarding grain width.

Fig. 5
figure 5

08SG2/OsBAK1 and GS3 regulate grain length in independent pathways. a, b Grain length and grain width performance in different plants, respectively. c-e The data statistical analysis of 1,000-grain weight, grain length, grain width in different plants, respectively. Data are given as means ± SD. Student’s t-test was used to generate the P values; ** and NS indicate P < 0.01 and no significant differences, respectively

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Discussion

08SG2/OsBAK1 plays a crucial role in the regulation of grain size and number

08SG2/OsBAK1, also called OsSERK1, belongs to the Somatic Embryogenesis Receptor Kinases (SERKs) family in rice (Hu et al. 2005; Ito et al. 2005). As a SERK family gene, OsBAK1 was proven to play a basic role in mediating somatic embryogenesis in rice, and might play wider roles in other organs (Hu et al. 2005; Ito et al. 2005). Overexpression and knockdown of OsBAK1 showed that OsBAK1 controlled plant architecture and was involved in BR signaling (Li et al. 2009; Shimin et al. 2014). But there was no comprehensive investigation of OsBAK1 function on yield-related traits, such as grain size and number, except that overexpression and knockdown of OsBAK1 showed decreased grain length and increased grain width, respectively, in the ZH11 background (Li et al. 2009). However, another study showed that OsBAK1 didn’t affect grain size in the Kitaake background (Shimin et al. 2014). In this study, we used loss of function mutants of 08SG2/OsBAK1 in the indica and japonica backgrounds to investigate its genetic effect on grain size and number, and also measured other agronomic traits such as plant height, panicle length and grain weight (Fig. 1). Our results showed that the grain length and width were decreased in both indica (Shuhui498) and japonica (Nipponbare) background (Fig. 1f, g; Fig. 3f, g). These findings, different with previous reports, might be explained by ZH11 (japonica) and Kitaake (japonica) backgrounds, or because expression of OsBAK1 was not completely silenced by RNAi. Also, the decreased grain number in 08sg2/Osbak1 suggested that 08SG2/OsBAK1 is essential for rice grain number in both the indica and japonica backgrounds (Fig. 1m; Fig. 3k), which may be due to the up-regulated expression level of two negative regulators of panicle branching OsCLV1 and OsCLV2 (Additional file 1: Figure S6).

Many studies had indicated that BR-related genes regulated grain size through altering cell expansion or cell proliferation, for example: D2 (Fang et al. 2016) and D11 (Wu et al. 2016a) regulated grain size by promoting cell expansion; XIAO (Jiang et al. 2012), SMG1 (Duan et al. 2014) and DSG1 (Liu et al. 2015) regulated grain size by affecting cell proliferation through cell cycle genes. Our results indicated that 08SG2/OsBAK1 positively regulates the development of spikelet hull by affecting cell proliferation (Fig. 2h, j), consistent with this notion, the expression levels of some cell-cycle related genes were down-regulated in the 08sg2 mutant (Fig. 2k), and this result is consistent with the cytological mechanism in internodes in the OsBAK1 overexpression plants (Li et al. 2009). Our results provide a new evidence that BR may control grain size via altering cell proliferation through cell cycle genes.

Even the loss of function of 08SG2/OsBAK1 showed obvious reduction on grain size and grain number in both indica (Shuhui498) and japonica (Nipponbare) backgrounds, the differences of effect on grain size and grain number were still observed at different background, for example: loss of function of 08sg2/Osbak1 led to a 10.2% or 6.3% decrease in grain length, and to 9.7% or 6.0% decrease in grain number (Table 1) in indica (Shuhui498) and japonica (Nipponbare) backgrounds, respectively. This indicates that the function of 08SG2/OsBAK1 on grain size and number is affected by genetic background.

08SG2/OsBAK1 regulates grain length independently with GS3

08SG2/OsBAK1 positively regulated grain length in rice. However, GS3 is a negative regulator of grain length (Fan et al. 2006). The SNP substitution in 08sg2/Osbak1 led to similar reductions in the grain length in the gs3 and GS3 background (reduced 10.20% or 12.57%, respectively), and the mutation of GS3 also led to a comparable increase in the grain length in the 08sg2/Osbak1 and 08SG2/OsBAK1 backgrounds (increased 16.09% or 13.03%, respectively) (Fig. 5). In addition, the expression levels of O8SG2/OsBAK1 and GS3 were not affected by each other, suggesting that 08SG2/OsBAK1 and GS3 regulate grain length in independent pathways, with no genetic interaction.

The amino acid substitution in the kinase domain of 08SG2/OsBAK1 lead to loss function

The amino acid substitution (G310D) in 08sg2 is located in the kinase domain of OsBAK1 and this glycine is highly conserved in other species (Fig. 3a, Additional file 1: Figure S11). This amino acid substitution leads a phenotype similar to the loss of function mutant (Fig. 1; Fig. 3). OsBAK1 encodes a receptor-like protein kinase (RLK) (Ito et al. 2005). Both OsBAK1 and its homolog BAK1 in Arabidopsis are functional protein kinases capable of auto-phosphorylation, and a mutation at a conserved site (K329E, K330E, respectively) in the kinase domain led to loss of kinase activity (Li et al. 2002; Shimin et al. 2014). Several other studies in Arabidopsis showed that the amino acid substitution at a conserved site in the kinase domain of RLKs abolished kinase activity (Braun et al. 1997; Horn and Walker 1994), but the amino acid change in 08sg2 is different. Therefore, this substituted amino acid might play a role in protein function of 08SG2/OsBAK1, and it is worthy to investigate whether this amino acid substitution affects protein kinase activity, or other molecular functions of 08SG2/OsBAK1.

Conclusions

08SG2/OsBAK1 plays an essential role in the regulation of grain size, grain number and plant height in both the indica and japonica backgrounds, and is important for rice yield. The function of 08SG2/OsBAK1 on grain size and number is affected by genetic background. 08SG2/OsBAK1 regulates grain size by participating in cell proliferation, and is independent of GS3. The glycine substituted in 08sg2 is located in the kinase domain, is highly conserved among different species, and is presumably important for the molecular function of 08SG2/OsBAK1. Together, our work is helpful for unveiling the molecular function of 08SG2/OsBAK1, and indicating that 08SG2/OsBAK1 is a potential target to manipulate for increasing rice yield.

Methods

Plant materials and growth conditions

The small grain mutant (sg2) was initially identified from an ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) mutant population of an indica variety Shuhui498 (R498). 08sg2 was isolated from sg2 in the segregation population by linkage marker and backcrossed with R498 three times. All plants were grown in paddies at the Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University (Chengdu, China) and Hainan (Lingshui, China) under normal cultivation conditions.

Cytological analysis by scanning electron microscopy (SEM)

Spikelet hulls from 08sg2 and R498 plants were collected before fertilization and fixed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde, which was prepared as described (Hu et al. 2015). The fixed samples were dehydrated in a graded ethanol series (from 30% to 100%, 100%), followed by substitution using isopentyl acetate. The critical-point Dryer (Quorum K850, England) was used to dry samples. The samples were sputter-coated with platinum using a magnetron sputtering apparatus (JS-1600, Beijing, China). The inner and outer epidermal cells of lemma of the spikelet hulls were observed by SEM (JSM-7500 F, JEOL, Japan). Cell lengths were measured using Image J software.

Gene mapping

MutMap (Abe et al. 2012) was applied for gene mapping. Briefly, we generated an F2 population of a cross between the sg2 mutant and the wild type (R498). DNA of 25 F2 progeny with small grains as sg2 was extracted and bulked in an equal ratio, then this bulked DNA was subjected to whole-genome sequencing. DNA from R498 was re-sequenced as a control. The SNPs/INDELs indexes were calculated as previously described (Abe et al. 2012). We simultaneously measured allele segregation using Euclidean distance (ED) (Additional file 1: Figure S2B) as previously described (Hill et al. 2013).

CRISPR/Cas9 plasmid construction, plant transformation and mutation detection

To obtain loss of function mutants, we designed the target site at the third exon of 08SG2/OsBAK1 (Fig. 3a), then generated the CRISPR/Cas9 plasmid construct using the Biogle CRISPR/Cas kit (BGK03, http://www.biogle.cn/) according to instructions. The Oligo sequence pair (F:5′-TGTGTGCTTGGGAATGCTGCACTATC-3′, R:5′-AAACGATAGTGCAGCATTCCCAAGCA-3′) was generated using the online system (BGK03, http://www.biogle.cn/index/excrispr). The final CRISPR/Cas9 plasmid construction pBGK03-OsBAK1 was introduced into Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain EHA105, and transformation of Nipponbare was performed as previously described (Hiei et al. 1994). For mutation detection, genomic DNA was extracted from T0 transgenic plants and primer pairs flanking the designed target site were used for PCR amplification. PCR products were sequenced to obtain knockout plants. The sequencing primers are listed in Additional file 2: Table S3.

Brassinosteroid sensitivity assay

For lamina joint inclination analysis, after soaking and pregermination, the uniform germinated seeds of R498 and 08sg2 were sown in soil and cultured in the plant growth chamber at 28 °C until two-leaf stage. 1 μl of ethanol solution containing various concentrations (0, 5, 50, 500 μM) of 24-epiBL were dropped at the lamina joints of the second leaf of R498 and 08sg2. After cultured for 3 days, the angles between the lamina and its leaf sheath were photographed and measured. 30 plants were measured for each treatment with three replications.

For the mesocotyl elongation assay, after soaking and pre-germination, the uniform germinated seeds of R498 and 08sg2 were sown in soil and cultured in the plant growth chamber at 28 °C in complete darkness for about 12 days. The mesocotyls of R498 and 08sg2 were photographed and measured. 30 plants were measured for each treatment with three replications.

For the root elongation inhibition and coleoptile elongation assays, seeds of R498 and 08sg2 were dehusked, and sterilized by washing the seeds as follows: 75% ethanol for 1 min, sterilized water for five times, 2% NaClO for 30 min, then rinsed several times with sterilized water. The seeds were then germinated on half-strength Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with 0, lμM 24-epiBL at 28 °C. About a week later, root and coleoptile were photographed and lengths measured. 30 plants were measured for each treatment with three replications.

RNA extraction, cDNA synthesis and quantitative real-time RT-PCR

Total RNA was extracted from young panicles of R498, 08sg2, NIL-GS3 R3551 using Plant RNA Kit according to the product manual (OMEGA). To obtain cDNA, about 500 ng of the total RNA was used for a genomic DNA elimination reaction and a reverse-transcription reaction using PrimeScriptTM RT Reagent Kit with gDNA Eraser according to the product manual (TaKaRa). Quantitative real-time RT-PCR analysis was performed on the CFX96TM Real-Time PCR system (Bio-Rad) with KAPA SYBR® FAST qPCR Kit (KAPA). Actin was used as an internal control in all analyses. Three biological replicates were performed for each gene. The primers used in quantitative real-time RT-PCR are listed in Additional file 2: Table S4.

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Acknowledgements

We thank Hang He and Wei Yan at Peking University for MutMap analysis, and Chengzhi Liang and Qiang Gao at Institute of Genetics and Development Biology, CAS for RNA-seq analysis, and Dr. Sheila McCormick at UC Berkeley for editing.

Funding

This work was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (91535102 and 31471475), and the Breeding of New Varieties of Green Super Rice (2014AA10A604).

Authors’ Contributions

PQ and BT generated the ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) population. PQ, SF and JH identified the sg2 mutant and generated the F2 population. HY and SF isolated the 08sg2 mutant and investigated the agronomic traits. SZ, YW and PG performed the cytological analysis and performed the brassinosteroid sensitivity test. SW and BM performed quantitative real-time RT-PCR. HY and WC performed the plasmid construction, plant transformation and mutation detection. HY and SF wrote the manuscript and equally contributed to this work. PQ and SL designed and guided this research. All authors approved the manuscript.

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    1. Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu Wenjiang, Sichuan, 611130, China

      Hua Yuan, Shijun Fan, Juan Huang, Shijie Zhan, Shifu Wang, Peng Gao, Weilan Chen, Bin Tu, Bingtian Ma, Yuping Wang, Peng Qin & Shigui Li

    2. State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu Wenjiang, Sichuan, 611130, China

      Hua Yuan, Shijun Fan, Shijie Zhan, Shifu Wang, Peng Gao, Weilan Chen, Bin Tu, Bingtian Ma, Yuping Wang, Peng Qin & Shigui Li

    3. Institute of Characteristic Crops Research, Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yongchuan, Chongqing, 402160, China

      Juan Huang

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    Additional files

    Additional file 1: Figure S1.

    Morphology of wild type (R498) and sg2 mutant. Figure S2. Identification of the causal SNP of the small grain (sg2) mutant using MutMap approach. Figure S3. Linkage analysis of 08sg2. Figure S4. The 08sg2 mutant exhibited slightly shorter plant height because of the reduced panicle and the uppermost internode. Figure S5. Effect of 08SG2 on endosperm size and grain filling. Figure S6. Comparisons of transcripts of genes determining panicle branching in R498 and 08sg2. Figure S7. Comparisons of transcripts of genes determining grain size in R498 and 08sg2. Figure S8. Comparisons of phenotypes of wild type (WT, Nipponbare) and knock out (KO) mutants at reproductive stage. Figure S9. Data statistics of the other agronomic traits in R498 and 08sg2, the wild type (WT) and knock-out (KO) mutants. Figure S10. The expression pattern of 08SG2/OsBAK1 in different tissues. Figure S11. Sequence alignment of 08SG2/OsBAK1 and its orthologs in plants. Figure S12. Phylogenetic and protein similarity analysis of 08SG2/OsBAK1 orthologs in plants. Figure S13. The donor parent of GS3 has significantly smaller grain size than R498. Figure S14. 08SG2 and GS3 don’t interact at transcriptional level. Table S1. Agronomic traits of R498 and sg2. Table S2. A cluster of three SNPs with SNP index of 1 on chromosome 8 (PPTX 2792 kb)

    Additional file 2: Table S3.

    Primers used for PCR detection. Table S4. Primers used for qPCR analysis (XLS 58 kb)

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    Yuan, H., Fan, S., Huang, J. et al. 08SG2/OsBAK1 regulates grain size and number, and functions differently in Indica and Japonica backgrounds in rice. Rice 10, 25 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12284-017-0165-2

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