Fig. 1

The phs39 mutant showed a preharvest sprouting (PHS) phenotype. A The PHS rate of WT and phs39 mature grains in the field. Data are means ± SD (n = 3). B The mature grains of phs39 showed a PHS phenotype. Scale bars = 2 mm. C, D Photographs (C) and germination rate (D) of germinated seeds in freshly harvested panicles at 20, 25, and 30 DAP from the WT and phs39 mutant after 7 days of imbibition. Scale bars = 1 cm. Data are means ± SD (n = 3). Asterisks indicate significant differences between the wild type and phs39 mutant by Student’s t-test (** P < 0.01)