Fig. 1

Phenotypes of WT and spd25 mutant. (a) SEM images of the adaxial leaf surfaces in WT (left) and spd25 (right). T, trichome; St, stomata; SP, small papillae. Bars = 60 μm. (b) SEM images of the abaxial leaf surfaces in WT (left) and spd25 (right). MP, medium papillae; LP, large papillae. Bars = 150 μm. (c) Magnification of SP in (a). Bars = 6 μm. (d) TEM images of the epidermal cell wall in WT (left) and spd25 (right). Cu–Si, cuticle-silica double layer; Cy, cytosol. Bars = 10 μm. (e) Epicuticular wax and (f) silicon contents in WT and spd25 leaves. Shown are the mean ± SD from three biological replicates each containing ten plants. * and ** indicate P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, Student’s t-test