Fig. 2

Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) of the fungal communities in the rhizosphere across the growth stages under the three nitrogen fertilization levels (a). And the fungal communities in the rhizosphere at the tillering (b), heading (c) and ripening (d) stages under the three nitrogen fertilization levels. R² value and p values calculated by permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA) analysis with 95% confidence level, the confidence ellipse is displayed with a 95% confidence level. Dissimilarity distance e showing the differences in fungal community structure across the growth stages in the rhizosphere of rice. S seedling stage, T tillering stage, H heading stage, R ripening stage. PCoA and dissimilarity distance were based on Bray–Curtis distance