Fig. 6

Evaluation of different methods of dehydroascorbate (DHA) application in rice. Effect of DHA application as (a) foliar application, root drench, seed treatment (b) root dip application in rice against M. graminicola. Plants were treated with 20 mM DHA followed by nematode inoculation of 250 J2 per plant 24 h post-treatment of foliar application, root drench, and root dip, while two weeks post planting of seedlings obtained from seed treatment. Observations on galls, total nematodes, and egg-laying females were recorded two weeks post nematode inoculation using the acid fuchsin staining technique. Error bars on each column represent the SE from 16 replications. Different letters on error bars within a group in (a) indicate a statistically significant difference (DMRT; α = 0.05). *Asterisks on error bars in (b) indicate statistically significant difference (Student’s t-test, * = p < 0.05, ** = p < 0.01)