Fig. 4

Field efficacy of DHA and PA in rice against Meloidogyne graminicola. The experiment was conducted in a naturally nematode-infested field. Plants were treated with DHA or PA alone or in combination as a foliar application or mock-treated with water or DMSO 15 days after transplanting (DAT) to the main field, followed by six spraying at 10 days intervals. Effect on galls and seed yield was recorded at the time of harvesting (120 DAT). Bars on each column indicate SE from eight replicates. Different letters on error bars within a group indicate a statistically significant difference (DMRT; α = 0.05)