Fig. 2

Field-collected Chilo suppressalis (SSB) larvae with AB treatment orally secreted lower quantities of bacteria onto the rice stems around the larval feeding area. A Comparison of bacteria quantities in the oral secretion (OS) of field-collected SSB larvae with 2 days of feeding on artificial diets with or without AB. Values are log₁₀ transformed means ± SEM (n = 5), and asterisks indicate significant differences between treatments (Unpaired t-test; t = 14.88, df = 8, P < 0.001). B Scanning electron microscopy images of bacteria secreted onto rice stems during 1 h of feeding by SSB larvae with or without AB treatment (Scale bar = 2 μm)