Table 3 Effectors of M. oryzae

Apoplastic effectors

SLP1

Competes with plant OsCEBiP to bind chitin oligosaccharides and helps the fungus suppress chitin-induced immunity in host; outlines IH, i.e. localised to EIHMx

Mentlak et al. (2012), Giraldo et al. (2013)

BAS3

focused point localisation in EIHMx & accumulates in the regions where IH cross at the cell wall to neighbouring cells

Mosquera et al. (2009)

BAS4

Outlines IH, i.e. localised to EIHMx

Mosquera et al. (2009)

BAS113

Outlines IH, i.e. localised to EIHMx

Giraldo et al. (2013)

MC69

Targeted gene disruption affects the pathogenicity of M. oryzae

Saitoh et al. (2012)

MSP1

Secreted into apoplasm; induces cell death & elicits immune responses

Wang et al. (2016c)

Cytoplasmic effectors

PWL1

Accumulate at BIC, translocate to rice cytoplasm

Khang et al. (2010)

PWL2

Accumulate at BIC, translocate to rice cytoplasm, and move from cell to cell

Khang et al. (2010)

BAS1

Accumulate at BIC

Khang et al. (2010), Mosquera et al. (2009)

BAS2

Translocate to rice cytoplasm, and accumulate at cell wall crossing points

Mosquera et al. (2009)

BAS107

Accumulates at BIC, translocates and localises to rice cell nucleus, also moves from cell to cell

Giraldo et al. (2013)

Avr-Piz-t

Translocates to rice cells; interacts with Avr-Piz-t Interacting Protein 6 (APIP6, RING E3 ubiquitin ligase), APIP10 (RING E3 ubiquitin ligase), APIP5(bZIP transcription factor), APIP12 (homologue of nucleoporin protein, Nup80), OsAKT1 (Potassium (K⁺) channel protein) and OsRac1(homologue of human small GTPase) to suppress PTI

Park et al. (2012, 2016), Wang et al. (2016a), Tang et al. (2017), Shi et al. (2018), Bai et al. (2019)

Avr-Pii

Interact with OsExo70-F3 (exocyst complex protein) and Os-NADP-ME2 (NADP-malic enzyme2)

Fujisaki et al. (2015), Singh et al. (2016)

Avr-CO39

Translocates to rice cells; purified protein directly localises to protoplast without aid from fungal components, RAG5 interaction leads to recognition by RAG4/RAG5 R pair proteins

Ribot et al. (2013), Cesari et al. (2013)

Avr-Pia

RAG5 interaction leads to recognition by RAG4/RAG5 R pair proteins

Cesari et al. (2013)

MoHEG13

Suppresses the cell death caused by MoNLP proteins

Mogga et al. (2016)

MoHEG16

Necessary for successful virulence of M. oryzae

Mogga et al. (2016)

IUG6

BIC localisation and suppression of salicylic acid & ethylene signalling

Dong et al. (2015)

IUG9

BIC localisation and suppression of salicylic acid & ethylene signalling

Dong et al. (2015)

Avr-Pita

Predicted metalloprotease domain; binds to cognate R protein Pita directly; accumulates at BIC

Jia et al. (2000)

Avr-Pik/km/kp

The different alleles are pathogen race specific; have cognate functional R gene pair of NB-LRR with a set of Pik alleles in rice

Yoshida et al. (2009), Kanzaki et al. (2012)

Avr-Pi9

Localises to BIC and translocate to rice cells

Wu et al. (2015)

Avr-Pib

Zhang et al. (2015)

Avr-Pi54

Interacts directly with the R protein Pi54

Devanna et al. (2014)

Avr-Pi12

Li et al. (2018b)

Secondary metabolites as effector

Hydroxylated Jasmonic acid (12OH-JA)

antibiotic biosynthesis monooxygenase (Abm) converts free jasmonic acid (JA) to Hydroxylated JA (12OH-JA)

Patkar et al. (2015)

Unknown secondary metabolite

Synthesis involves avirulence conferring enzyme 1, ACE1 an appressoria localised effector protein; the corresponding R gene is identified to be Pi33

Bohnert et al. (2004), Collemare et al. (2008)

Tenuazonic acid (TeA)

TAS1 is involved in the synthesis of TeA

Yun et al. (2015)

Cytokinin

Known protein involved is cytokinin synthesis 1, CSK1

Chanclud et al. (2016)