Fig. 1

NaCl-enhanced OsERF106MZ expression. a Abiotic stress-responsive OsERFs. Red and green indicate increased and decreased gene expression, respectively. The scale bar shows log₂-fold changes. C, cold stress; D, drought stress; S, salinity stress; H, heat stress. Tos17, Rice Tos17 Insertion Mutant Database; TRIM, Taiwan Rice Insert Mutant Database. b Histochemical staining of the shoots in OsERF106MZp::GUS transgenic seedlings. c Quantification of OsERF106MZ and OsSOS1 mRNA levels in Tainung 67 (TNG67) and Hitomebore seedlings by qPCR. The values are the mean ± SE of five biological replicates, each with two technical replicates. Asterisks indicate significant differences (*P < 0.05 and **P < 0.01) based on Student’s t-test. The seedlings used for the GUS staining (b) and qPCR (c) assays were grown on basal medium for 7 days and then transferred to basal medium containing 0 or 150 mM NaCl for an additional day