Fig. 5

The effect of differentially expressed ACR-associated genes on metabolites in diploid and autotetraploid rice. a Heatmap representation of autotetraploid-induced differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs). The level of a given metabolite was judged to increase or decrease (P value < 0.05) by comparing the scaled amount in autotetraploid rice with that of its diploid parent. Metabolites are categorized according to compound classes. The percentages of compounds in secondary metabolites are shown on the right. b Diagrammatic representation of transcriptional and metabolic levels of genes involved in phenylpropanoid metabolism in diploid and autotetraploid rice. Blue represents gene expression, and red represents metabolites. c–e A combined analysis of ACRs and gene expression of C4H and HCT in 2 × and 4 × rice. ACR and gene expression data for the C4H and HCT genes are shown for 2 × and 4 × rice. The scales are shown (c). DNase I-PCR shows differential DNase I sensitivity of chromatin in selected genomic regions. Equal amounts of chromatin and purified DNA were subjected to gradient DNase I treatments at final concentrations of 0 (DNase−) and 0.5 (DNase+) units mL-1. Extracted DNA was used as a template for PCR for one ACR with two replicates (d). qPCR validation of C4H and HCT expression in diploid and autotetraploid rice was normalized using the signal from the actin gene. The average ± SD values from three biological repeats are shown, *P value < 0.05, two-sided t test (e)