Fig. 1

Expression analyses of SSPs and amino acids in mature seeds of brown rice (9311 and A3, harvested in 2019). A Total proteins in brown rice (9311 and A3) were separated by SDS-PAGE (4%–20% gradient gel). The vertical lines represent protein bands with varying intensities between tetraploid and diploid rice seeds. M = molecular size marker. B SDS-PAGE gel bands were scanned and analyzed using Image J software. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences (p < 0.05) as determined by one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s test. C Average content of amino acid compositions in mature seeds of tetraploid and diploid rice (9311 and A3). Significant differences in amino acid contents between tetraploid and diploid rice seeds were tested using independent Student’s t-test (∗p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.01). Values are presented as means ± standard deviation (SD, error bars) of three replicates