Fig. 5

Suppression of OsVPE3 alleviates vacuole rupture under salt stress. a Protoplasts from WT and transgenic lines were stained with the BCECF-AM vital dye (final concentration = 10 μM) for 2 h and then treated with 100 mM NaCl for 3 h. Before the BCECF fluorescent images were inspected, the protoplasts were stained with Trypan Blue (TB). Type 1 protoplasts were living cells with intact vacuoles. Type 2 protoplasts were living cells with disintegrated vacuolar membranes. Type 3 protoplasts were dead. b Statistical analysis of three types of protoplasts after treatment with 100 mM NaCl. Data represent the means ± SD (n > 100) for three independent replicates. Asterisks indicate a significant difference between the WT and transgenic lines (t-test; *, P < 0.05)