Fig. 2

Comparison of Al resistance phenotype between WT and ral1 mutant. a Evans blue staining. Roots of WT and the mutant were exposed to 20 μM Al for 24 h and then stained with 0.025 % Evans blue. Scale bar = 500 μm. b A dose-response experiment of Kasalath (WT), ral1 mutant, NPB and Koshi. Seedlings were exposed to a 0.5 mM CaCl₂ solution (pH 4.5) containing 0, 10, 20, 50 or 100 μM Al for 48 h. Relative root elongation (RRE) was used to evaluate their resistance to Al. Data are means ± SD (n = 7). c, d Comparison of root growth between WT and the mutant on different soils. Germinated seeds were grown on neutral soil (pH 6.6) or acidic soil (pH 4.1) for 6 days. Scale bar = 1 cm. Data are means ± SD (n = 6). Means with different letters are significantly different (P < 0.05, Tukey test)