Table 1 Changes in metabolic properties of rice plants during cold stress

Photosynthesis

Chlorophyll content

Positive

OsiSAP8, TERF2

(Kanneganti and Gupta [2008]; Tian et al. [2011])

Fv/Fm

Positive

CBF1/DREB1b, Asr1, OsCDPK7

(Kim et al. [2009]; Lee et al. [2004]; Saijo et al. [2001])

Electrolyte leakage

Negative

CBF1/DREB1b, OsLti6, ZFP245, TERF2, OVP1, OsNAC5

(Huang et al. [2009]; Tian et al. [2011]; Song et al. [2011]; Zhang et al. [2011a]; Lee et al. [2004]; Morsy et al. [2005])

ROS and MDA

Hydrogen peroxide

Negative

OsAPXa, OsMKK6, OsMPK3, OsNAC6, OsTRX23, SodCc1, OsPOX1

(Xie et al. [2012]; Xie et al. [2009]; Sato et al. [2011]; Lee et al. [2009]; Nakashima et al. [2007])

Superoxide radicals

Negative

OsAPXa

(Sato et al. [2011])

Hydroxyl radicals

Negative

OsAPXa

(Sato et al. [2011])

Malondialdehyde

Negative

OsAPXa, OsMKK6, OsMPK3, OsNAC6, ZmCBF3

(Sato et al. [2011]; Xie et al. [2012]; Xu et al. [2011]; Nakashima et al. [2007])

Soluble sugars

Sucrose

Positive

OSINV4, OsDREB1A, TERF2

(Tian et al. [2011]; Oliver et al. [2005]; Ito et al. [2006])

Hexose

Positive

OSINV4

(Oliver et al. [2005])

Raffinose

Positive

OsDREB1A, TERF2

(Tian et al. [2011]; Ito et al. [2006])

Glucose

Positive

OsDREB1A, TERF2

(Tian et al. [2011]; Ito et al. [2006])

Fructose

Positive

OsDREB1A, TERF2

(Tian et al. [2011]; Ito et al. [2006])

Trehalose

Positive

OsNAC5, OsPP1, OsPP2, OsTPP

(Song et al. [2011])

Cold-related amino acids

Proline

Positive

OsCOIN, OsDREB1A, OsMYB2, OVP1, OsNAC5, MYB4, OsPRP3, ZFP245, OsMYB3R-2

(Huang et al. [2009]; Tian et al. [2011]; Song et al. [2011]; Zhang et al. [2011a]; Liu et al. [2007]; Yang et al. [2012]; Vannini et al. [2004]; Gothandam et al. [2010]; Ma et al. [2009])

Antioxidants

Ascorbic acid

Positive

Unknown

(Kim and Tai [2011])

Glutathione

Positive

OsTRX23

(Kim and Tai [2011]; Xie et al. [2009])