Lectin Receptor-Like Protein Kinase OsNRFG6 is Required for Embryo Sac Development and Fertilization in Neo-Tetraploid Rice

Great yield-enhancing prospects of autotetraploid rice was restricted by various polyploidy-induced reproductive dysfunction. To surmount these challenges, our group has generated a series of valuable fertile tetraploid lines (denoted as neo-tetraploid rice) through 20-year efforts. With this context, a G-type lectin receptor-like kinase, OsNRFG6, was identified as a pivotal factor associated with reproductive regulation in neo-tetraploid rice. Nevertheless, it is still elusive about a comprehensive understanding of its precise functional roles and underlying molecular mechanisms during reproduction of neo-tetraploid rice. Here, we demonstrated that OsNRFG6 executed a constitutive expression pattern and encoded proteins localizing in perinucleus and endoplasmic reticulum. Subsequently, four independent mutant lines of OsNRFG6 within neo-tetraploid rice background were further identified, all displaying low seed-setting rate due to abortive embryo sacs and defective double fertilization. RNA-seq and RT-qPCR revealed a significant down-regulation of OsNRFG6 and female reproductive genes such as OsMEL1 and LOG in ovaries prior to and post-fertilization, attributing this effect to OsNRFG6 mutation. Furthermore, through yeast-two hybrids, bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays, and luciferase complementation imaging assays, it was determined that OsNRFG6 could interact with itself and two female reproductive proteins (LOG and OsDES1) to form protein complexes. These results elucidate the reproductive functions and molecular pathway governed by OsNRFG6 in regulating fertility of neo-tetraploid rice, offering insights into molecular understanding of fertility improvement in polyploid rice. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12284-024-00720-0.


Introduction
Polyploidy show robust growth characterized by stronger biosynthesis, increased nutrient composition, and heightened adaptability to stress and plant evolution (Corneillie et al. 2019;Yu et al. 2021a;Wang et al. 2022).Tetraploid hybrid rice holds substantial promise for yield increase via superposing polyploidy advantage and heterosis (Chen et al. 2019;Ghaleb et al. 2020).But its breeding process was limited by reproductive dysfunction associated with polyploidy, including pollen sterility, embryo sac sterility, delayed fertilization, irregular embryogenesis, as well as abnormal endosperm development (Wu et al. 2015;Li et al. 2017Li et al. , 2023)).Relative to extensive studies in polyploidy pollen sterility, it is more difficult in cytological observation and genetic analysis about embryo sac or embryo, resulting in limited understanding about the regulation of embryo sac development and embryogenesis in autotetraploid rice (ATR).
Chinese scientists had successfully bred fertile tetraploid rice, including Polyploid Meiosis Stability (PMeS) rice and neo-tetraploid rice (NTR) (He et al. 2011;Guo et al. 2017;Ghaleb et al. 2020;Liu et al. 2023).PMeS lines, with stable meiotic behaviors and high seed setting rete, were bred from progenies of tetraploid intersubspecific hybrid rice, HT99104 (japonica) × Shuhui362 (indica) (He et al. 2011).NTR lines are new tetraploid rice germplasms developed from the crossing and directional selection of ATR lines (Jackson-4x and 96025-4x) by our group, which had the ability to overcome the polyploidization sterility when they crossed with typical ATR lines with low fertility (Guo et al. 2017;Ghaleb et al. 2020;Yu et al. 2020).These fertile tetraploid rice germplasms have provided opportunities for identifying genes related to autotetraploid sterility.Our previous studies have evaluated 15 NTR lines to assess their yield traits, reproduction and gene expression (Chen et al. 2019;Ghaleb et al. 2020;Yu et al. 2020).Relative to diploid and NTR lines, substantial differences were found in expression levels of genes, miRNA as well as long non-coding RNA during embryo sac development of ATR, such as meiotic genes (Li et al. 2016(Li et al. , 2017;;Guo et al. 2017;Ku et al. 2022).
The origin of regulation for high fertility of NTR or PMeS lines might relate to those improved genotypes of key genes formed during germplasm evolution (Koide et al. 2020).For example, the evolved autotetraploid Arabidopsis arenosa (fertile) has formed alternate alleles of important fertility genes like ASY1, ASY2, ACA8, and AGC1.5 to overcome its unstable meiotic chromosome axes, aberrant crossover interference, and defective pollen tube tip growth (Morgan et al. 2020(Morgan et al. , 2021;;Westermann et al. 2024).Similarly, 222-324 genes with different alleles between 13 fertile NTR lines and two sterile ATR parental lines  were identified in genomic comparison (Bei et al. 2019;Yu et al. 2020Yu et al. , 2021b)).The NTR alleles of these genes were marked as non-parental alleles, which might be formed because of accumulated natural mutations during material breeding process.Furthermore, our previous studies had constructed mutants of 11 genes with non-parental alleles by CRISPR/Cas9 technology, including LOC_Os06g40030 encoding lectin receptor-like protein kinase (named as NEO-TETRAPLOID RICE FERTILITY RELATED GENE 6, OsNRFG6).The Osnrfg6 mutants in NTR line Huaduo 1 (H1) background exhibited low seed-setting rate and normal pollen fertility, suggesting that OsNRFG6 might affect embryo sac development or double fertilization of NTR (Yu et al. 2020).
Given the potential importance of OsNRFG6 in the high fertility of NTR, further studies are warranted to elucidate its roles.In this study, we identified four mutant lines of OsNRFG6 for phenotypic characterization and cytological observation, and further elucidated the expression pattern, gene regulation and protein interaction involving OsNRFG6.These findings are anticipated to shed light on the role of OsNRFG6 during female reproduction in tetraploid rice.
To character the expression pattern of OsNRFG6, subcellular localization, public gene expression databases (RiceXPro and Rice eFP Browser), reverse transcription quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR), and promoter-GUS staining assay were performed.Different with free GFP signals, most of OsNRFG6-GFP couldn't be co-localized with H2B-mChreey signal (Fig. 1A).The fluorescent signals of OsNRFG6-GFP formed spotted fluorescence around nuclei of Nicotiana benthamiana leaves, but only a handful of OsNRFG6-GFP signals could localize in nuclei (Fig. 1A, Fig. S3A).Excepted the spotted fluorescent signals, OsNRFG6-GFP signals mainly localized on the endoplasmic reticulum, which could well co-localized with mCherry-HDEL (Fig. S3B).In RiceXPro database, OsNRFG6 highly expressed in leaves, leaf sheath, roots, stems, inflorescence, pistils, lemma, palea, ovaries, embryo, and endosperms at various developmental stages, but low in developing anthers (Fig. S4A).In Rice eFP Browser database, OsNRFG6 mainly expressed in developing inflorescence, seeds, and leaves (Fig. S4B).Similarly, OsNRFG6 constitutively expressed in leaves, stems, anthers and ovaries of wild type neo-tetraploid rice (NTR) line Huaduo1 (H1) at different developmental stages in RT-qPCR assay (Fig. 1B), which indicated OsN-RFG6 may play an important role in regulating reproductive development in H1.In GUS reporter system derived by OsNRFG6 promoter, GUS signals could be detected at different developmental stages in florets, especially in the anthers and ovaries (Fig. 1C).The GUS signals were observed in the ovule wall and the cavity of ovule by the semi-thin sections (Fig. S4C).Taken together, OsNRFG6 functioned under a constitutive expression pattern.

Osnrfg6 Mutants Displayed Low Seed Setting Rate
To further examine the reproductive roles of OsNRFG6 in NTR, our group knocked out the OsNRFG6 gene under the H1 background by CRISPR/Cas9 technology in our previous study (Yu et al. 2020).Four homozygous mutants (designated as Osnrfg6-1 to Osnrfg6-4) were identified by sanger sequencing analysis from T 3 generation Osnrfg6 mutants (Fig. S5A).When predicting the protein sequence of OsNRFG6 in Osnrfg6 based on their mutant genotypes, frameshift translation and premature translation termination were found in Osnrfg6-2 and Osnrfg6-4, while 14 and 1 amino acids of the OsNRFG6 were deleted in Osnrfg6-1 and Osnrfg6-3, respectively (Fig. S5B).

OsNRFG6 was Required for Embryo Sac Development of Neo-Tetraploid Rice
The mature embryo sac fertility in both H1 and Osnrfg6 was assessed by using the whole-mount eosin B-staining confocal laser scanning microscopy (WE-CLSM).The embryo sac structure in H1 is similar to that of diploid rice, consisting of one central cell flanked by two polar nuclei, one egg cell, two synergids and three antipodal cells (Fig. 4A, Video S1).During its developmental process, the megaspore mother cell (Fig. S8A) underwent meiosis to form a tetrad (Fig. S8B); Subsequently, three megaspore mother cells located near the micropylar end gradually degenerated, while the remaining one located near chalazal end enlarged to form a functional megaspore (Fig. S8C-D).This megaspore underwent three times rounds of mitotic division, resulting in the formation of mono-nuclear (Fig. S8E), two-nucleate (Fig. S8F), four-nucleate (Fig. S8G), and eight-nucleate embryo sac (Fig. S8H).Ultimately, one chalazal end nucleus and one micropylar end nucleus moved, and fused to form polar nuclei at micropylar end.Other chalazal end nuclei became antipodal cells, while other micropylar end nuclei formed an egg apparatus, comprising of an egg cell and two synergids (Fig. S8I).

OsNRFG6 was Required for Normal Fertilization of Neo-Tetraploid Rice
Additionally, WE-CLSM was also employed to observe the characteristics of embryogenesis at 6 h after flowering, 1 day after-flowering (1DAF), 2DAF, and 3DAF in H1 and Osnrfg6.At 6 h after flowering, the primary endosperm nucleus in 78.82% H1 samples had initiated nuclear division to form multiple endosperm nuclei, while only 58.01-60.73%Osnrfg6 samples exhibited normal nuclear division (Fig. 5A, M).In this stage, 17.28-19.34%Osnrfg6 samples were unfertilized (Fig. 5E, I), and 21.99-22.65%Osnrfg6 samples were in other abnormalities, including embryo sacs degeneration, arrested development embryo sacs, abnormal position of polar nuclei embryo sacs and other abnormal embryo sacs (Fig. S9  A-C, H-J).
From 1DAF to 3DAF, the ovaries continually enlarged, the zygotes differentiated into spherical or pear shaped embryoids, and those endosperm nuclei around the central cell increased and turned into endosperm cells in 73.24-77.88%H1 samples (Fig. 5B).By contrast, abnormal ovaries continually increased in Osnfrg6 during this period.21.58-25.47%Osnfrg6 samples were unfertilized, which always kept the size and a structure as same as normal mature embryo sac (Fig. 5F-H, J-L).As developmental process went on, more and more various abnormalities were observed in Osnfrg6, which increased from 15.38 to 35.53%, involving in ovaries with degraded embryo sacs, arrested development embryo  S10).These results indicated that OsNRFG6 also plays important roles in maintaining normal fertilization and embryogenesis of NTR lines.

Mutations in OsNRFG6 Altered Expression Profile of key Genes for Reproduction
To identify the putative and related genes regulated by OsNRFG6, we performed RNA-seq analysis of the ovaries in H1 and Osnrfg6 at mature embryo sac stage and 1 day after flowering stage, respectively.More than 6.17 Gb of clean data were yielded from each sample.Clean data from each sample were mapped to the Nipponbare (Oryza sativa ssp.japonica) reference genome using HISAT2.The clean reads of each sample were sequenced with the reference genome, and the alignment efficiency ranged from 94.77 to 95.62%.Compared with H1, 3369 significant differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected in mature embryo sac of Osnrfg6, including 1891 up-and 1478 down-regulated genes (Fig. 6A).Meanwhile, 2472 DEGs were identified in 1DAF ovaries of Osnrfg6, involved in 1053 up-and 1419 down-regulated genes (Fig. 6A).The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis revealed that two group DEGs were together enriched in plant-pathogen interaction, plant hormone signal transduction and MAPK signaling pathway-plant (Fig. S11).
Venn analysis revealed that 281 up-and 290 downregulated DEGs shared in two stage samples, which were designed as coDEGs (Fig. 6B; Table S2, S3).Expression of OsNRFG6 was significantly reduced during ovary development in Osnrfg6.In addition, five coDEGs with function in rice reproduction attracted our attention, including LOG (LOC_Os01g40630), OsMEL1 (LOC_ Os03g58600), OsLHT1 (LOC_Os08g03350), and Xa13 (LOC_Os08g42350).OsMEL1 and LOG both significantly down-regulated at two stages (Fig. 6C).OsMEL1 regulated meiosis and its loss-of-function mutants resulted in embryo sac degeneration (Nonomura et al. 2007).LOG encoded a cytokine-activating enzyme which affected female fertility by regulating the pistil and ovule development (Kurakawa et al. 2007).Then RT-qPCR analysis further verified that mutation of OsNRFG6 caused significant reduction in expression of OsNRFG6, OsMEL1 and LOG, which were consistent with the RNA-seq results (Fig. 6D).These results suggested that OsNRFG6 may regulate embryo sac development and double fertilization by affecting the expression profiles of key reproductive genes.
Furthermore, two important female reproductive proteins, LOG and OsDES1, showed the ability to physically interacted with OsNRFG6 both in BiFC and LCI assays (Fig. 8A-C).OsDES1 interacted with LOG to regulate embryo sac development and fertilization (Hu et al. 2023), whose mutant caused similar phenotypic defects with Osnrfg6.Similarly, the protein interaction between OsDES1 and LOG were verified in our BiFC and LCI assays (Fig. 8A-C).Taken together, OsNRFG6, OsDES1 and LOG might form protein complexes required for embryo sac development and fertilization of NTR.

Discussion
Polyploid rice breeding was limited by its reproductive dysfunction, including abortive pollen grains, defective embryo sac as well as abnormal fertilization.For example, 02428-4x and Taichung 65-4x had only 55.48 ~ 62.15% embryo sac fertility, involving in embryo sac degeneration, and abnormal position and number of polar nuclei (Li et al. 2017(Li et al. , 2020)).In addition, the fertilization, embryo and endosperm development were abnormal in autotetraploid rice (ATR) lines like 02428-4x with 68.84% abnormal fertilization rate, involving in unsuccessful fertilization, single-fertilization and enlarged ovary without double-fertilization (Li et al. 2020).The abnormalities of embryo sacs and double fertilization were overcome in neo-tetraploid rice (NTR), such as five reported NTR lines (H1, H3, H4, H5, and H21) with 76.04 ~ 95.47% embryo sac fertility (Bei et al. 2019;Chen et al. 2019;Li et al. 2023).In this study, Osnrfg6 mutant exhibited the embryo sac degeneration and abnormal polar nuclei similar to infertile ATR lines (Fig. 4).Moreover, Osnrfg6 also shared similar abnormalities during double-fertilization process with infertile ATR lines, including unfertilized, single-fertilized, and inflated ovules (Fig. 5, S9, S10), but not in NTR lines (Li et al. 2023).During the breeding process of NTR lines, OsNRFG6 had formed an improved genotype different from the parental lines (Yu et al. 2020).Similar mechanism has been found that improved genotypes of fertility genes helped autotetraploid Arabidopsis arenosa to adjust its defective meiosis process and pollen tube tip growth (Morgan et al. 2020(Morgan et al. , 2021;;Westermann et al. 2024).Thus, the non-parental allele of OsNRFG6 may play important roles in the formation of high fertility of NTR lines.
OsNRFG6 encodes a G-type lectin receptor-like protein kinase (LecRLK), containing lectin domain, transmembrane domain and intracellular protein kinase domain, which belongs the receptor-like kinases (RLKs) family.RLKs have been reported to play important roles in reproductive process of rice, including OsMSP1, OsLecRK-S.7,and MIL2 regulating microsporocyte number and anther development (Nonomura et al. 2003;Zhao et al. 2008;Hong et al. 2012;Peng et al. 2020); OsMSP1, OsDEES1, and MIL2 regulating megasporocyte number and embryo sac development (Nonomura et al. 2003;Zhao et al. 2008;Hong et al. 2012;Wang et al. 2012); RUPO-OsHAK1/19/20 and OsDAF1-OsINP1 molecular modules regulating pollen tubes growth (Liu In the ovaries with mature embryo sac or developing embryo, loss function of OsNRFG6 caused significant downregulation of fertility related genes, such as Xa13, LOG, OsMEL1, and OsLHT1, which might relate to its defective female reproduction (Fig. 6).Mutation of OsMEL1 would cause arrested development of female gametophytes at meiotic stages, leading to embryo sac abortion (Nonomura et al. 2007), while mutation of LOG caused abnormal pistil development and female sterility (Kurakawa et al. 2007).In addition, our previous studies found that OsMEL1 differentially expressed during reproduction in comparative analyses related to ATR lines, including meiotic anthers between 02428-2x/02428-4x (Li et al. 2018), meiotic anthers between NTR line H1 and ATR line T44 (Wu et al. 2020), and developing ovaries between NTR lines (Huaduo3 and Huaduo8) and ATR lines (Huajingxian74-4x and Huanghuazhan-4x) (Guo et al. 2017;Ghaleb et al. 2020).These results suggested a candidate relationship among OsNRFG6 and key female reproductive genes in regulating embryo sac development of ATR.
Moreover, we found that OsNRFG6 has the ability to form homodimers via its PAN domain rather than OsN-RFG6 BS or OsNRFG6 C fragments, which were verified by Y2H, LCI and BiFC assays (Fig. 7, S12).In previous studies, similar mechanism of lectin receptor-like kinases forming homodimers via PAN domain has been reported, such as OsLecRK5 (Wang et al. 2020), and PWL1 (Xu et al. 2023).We further identified the protein interactions among OsNRFG6-LOG, OsNRFG6-OsDES1, and LOG-OsDES1.DEFECTIVE EMBRYO SAC1 (OsDES1) encodes a putative nuclear envelope membrane protein (NEMP)-domain-containing protein.Its mutant des1 displayed a significant reduction in seed-setting rate due to abortive embryo sac and defective fertilization (Hu et al. 2023), somewhat resembling Osnrfg6.LOG encodes a cytokinin-activating enzyme required for ovule initiation and pistil development (Kurakawa et al. 2007;Yamaki et al. 2011), which can interact with OsDES1 (Hu et al. 2023).Taken together, OsNRFG6 may form homodimers and form protein complexes with LOG and OsDES1 to participate in regulation of female reproduction and fertilization of NTR lines.

Conclusions
OsNRFG6 demonstrates a constitutive expression profile, and encodes a perinucleus and ER-localized protein.The Osnrfg6 exhibited defective embryo sac development and fertilization, resulting in low seed setting in neo-tetraploid rice.Mutation of OsNRFG6 led to down-regulation of key reproductive genes during fertilization.OsNRFG6 protein can form homodimers and participate in multiprotein complexes involving LOG and OsDES1.These findings underscore the crucial involvement of OsNRFG6 in maintaining embryo sac fertility and seed production in neo-tetraploid rice, thereby offering insights into the molecular breeding of polyploid rice.

Plant Materials
Osnrfg6 was a mutant in neo-tetraploid rice (Oryza sativa L.) Huaduo 1 (H1) background, which constructed by CRISPR/Cas9 in our previous study (Yu et al. 2020).H1, a neo-tetraploid rice line registered for Protection for New Varieties of Plants in China in 2016, was developed from the combination of Jackson-4x and 96025-4x (Wu et al. 2020).The proOsNRFG6-GUS transgenic plants and complementary transgenic lines (Com-1 and Com-2) were generated in H1 and Osnrfg6-2 background, respectively.All materials were cultivated at experimental station of South China Agricultural University, Guangdong, China.

Subcellular Localization Analysis
To determine the subcellular localization of OsNRFG6 protein, the coding sequence of OsNRFG6 was cloned into the pBIN19-GFP vector with the CaMV 35 S promoter (Cauliflower mosaic virus).H2B-mCherry was used as nuclear localization marker (Zhuang et al. 2021).The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) maker was constructed by fusing mCherry with the HDEL ER retention signal (Yuan et al. 2022).The recombinant construct plasmid was transformed into Agrobacterium strain (GV3101 strain) and injected into about 5-week-old Nicotiana benthamiana leaves.At 3 days after infiltration, the transfected leaves were collected for green fluorescent signals observation under a confocal laser-scanning microscope (Leica DM 2500, Germany, 488 nm laser).

RT-qPCR Analysis
Total RNAs were isolated using TRIzol reagent (AG, China) followed by treatment with 5× gDNA Clean Reaction Mix to digest genomic DNA (AG, China).About 750 ng RNA from each sample went through reverse transcription to obtain first-strand cDNA (AG, China).RT-qPCR assays were performed using the Hieff qPCR SYBR Green Master Mix (Yeasen, China) and the Light-Cycler 480II (Roche, Switzerland) system according to the manufacturer's instructions.The rice Cytochrome b5 gene (LOC_Os05g01820.1)was used as the internal control (Wu et al. 2021).Each measurement was determined for three biological and three technological replications.The relative expression analysis of RT-qPCR was calculated by the 2 −∆∆CT method (Livak et al. 2001).All primers used are listed in Table S4.

GUS Histochemical Staining
A 2 kb genomic sequence before the OsNRFG6 start codon was amplified via primers (pOsNRFG6-F and pOsNRFG6-R) to be cloned into pCAMBIA1305.1vector with GUS reporter to generate proOsNRFG6::GUS vector.The EHA105 Agrobacterium tumefaciens harboring proOsNRFG6::GUS was transformed to rice calli for creating transgenic lines, from which developing spikelets in T 1 generation were collected for GUS histochemical staining according to the manufacturer's instructions (Leagene, China).

Cytological Observations
Mature pollen grains were collected before anthesis and stained with 1% I 2 -KI solution, 1% 2, 3, 5-Triphenytetrazoliumchloride (TTC) solution, optical brightener, and auramine O solution to observe pollen fertility, pollen viability, pollen intine, and exine, respectively.Three spikelets of each plant and three plants of each material were collected, observed and photographed via a Motic BA210 microscope or a fluorescence microscope (Leica DM RXA, Germany).
The whole-mount eosin B-staining confocal laser scanning microscopy (WE-CLSM) observation was performed as follow: The developing or fertilized spikelets were fixed in FAA solution for 24 h.The anthers and ovaries were isolated and hydrated in gradient ethanol (30%, 10%, and 0%) for 30 min per time.After that, the anthers and ovaries were pretreated in 2% aluminum potassium sulfate dodecahydrate for 30 min before being stained with 10-20 mg/L eosin B solution (dissolved with 4% sucrose solution) for 12 h.The samples were rinsed with 2% aluminum potassium sulfate and water (three times), and dehydrated with gradient ethanol solutions (30%, 50%, 70%, 90%, 100%) for 30 min per treatment.Subsequently, the dehydrated samples were hyalinized via 50% (dissolved with ethanol, v/v) and pure methyl salicylate for 2 h and 1 h, respectively.The transparent samples were observed and photographed using a confocal laserscanning microscope (Leica DM 2500, Germany).Here, the "embryo sac fertility" was used to stand the ratio of normal embryo sac numbers during cytological observation.Each final picture was merged by one to forty optically-sectioned images.

RNA-seq Analysis
The ovaries at mature embryo sac stage and 1 day after flowering stage were collected in 3 biological replicates (each sample) and stored at -80 ℃ for RNA-seq analysis.The RNA-seq data was obtained using an Illumina Nova-Seq6000 system, which was further analyzed via BMK-Cloud platform (BioMarker Biotech Co., Ltd.Chain).Nipponbare genome (MSU7.0)was used as reference genome (Ouyang et al. 2007).Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified via the criterion with fold change > 1.5 and p-value < 0.05.Heat map diagram and Venn analyses were performed by TBtools-II (Chen et al. 2023).

Data Availability
The raw reads of RNA-seq were deposited in at the NGDC BIG Submission with accession ID PRJCA025224.The sequences and annotations of rice japonica reference genome MSU7 are available from the website http://rice.plantbiology.msu.edu/.All data supporting the conclusions described here are provided in tables, figures, and additional files.

Declarations
Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate Not applicable.

Fig. 1
Fig. 1 Subcellular localization of OsNRFG6 and expression pattern of OsNRFG6 in rice.(A) Subcellular localization of OsNRFG6-GFP fusion protein in Nicotiana benthamiana leaf epidermal cells.H2B-mCherry indicates the nuclear localization marker.35 S-GFP was used as the control.(B) Relative expression of OsNRFG6 in various tissues.L, leaf; S, sheath; A, anthers; O, ovaries; 5DAF, 5 days after flowering; S7 to S11, stages of anther development.(C) GUS staining in various tissues of proOsNRFG6-GUS transgenic plants of developing spikelets and pistils.The lengths of observed spikelets or developmental stages of ovaries were listed on the top side.MO, mature ovary.DAF, days after flowering.The error bars indicate the SD with n = 3

Fig. 5
Fig. 5 WE-CLSM observation of double fertilization development and embryogenesis in H1 and Osnrfg6.(A-D) Normal double fertilization development and embryogenesis in H1. (E-L) Abnormal double fertilization development and embryogenesis in Osnrfg6.(M) Data statistics of double fertilization development and embryogenesis in H1 and Osnrfg6.N represents the number of observed embryo sacs.Scale bars = 150 μm.6 H, 6 h after flowering; DAF, day after flowering

Fig. 6
Fig. 6 Reproductive genes differentially expressed during development of embryo sac and double fertilization in Osnrfg6.(A) Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) analysis in the ovaries of H1 and Osnrfg6 at mature embryo sac stage and 1 day after flowering stage.(B) Venn analyses of DEGs in the ovaries at two stages.(C-D) Expression levels of key down-regulated genes related to seed-setting rate in RNA-seq (C) and RT-qPCR (D) analyses of H1 and Osnrfg6.Error bars indicate the SD with n = 3. Asterisks indicate significant differences (P < 0.05, Student's test)

Fig. 7
Fig. 7 The protein properties of the OsNRFG6 protein.(A) Schematic diagram of the OsNRFG6 protein.(B) The yeast-2-hybrid assay between truncated OsNRFG6 proteins and its full-length protein."-TL" and "-TLHA" indicate SD/-Trp-Leu and SD/-Trp-Leu-His-Ade medium.(C-E) OsNRFG6 interacted with itself via its PAN domain in Nicotiana benthamiana leaf cells, as seen in BiFC and LCI assays.SLG, S-locus glycoprotein domain; TM, transmembrane domain

Fig. 8
Fig. 8 OsNRFG6 physically interacted with LOG and OsDES1.(A) The BiFC tests, and (B-D) LCI experiments revealed the protein interactions among OsNRFG6, LOG and OsDES1 in Nicotiana benthamiana leaf epidermis cells