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Table 2 Volatile organic compounds in cooked rice

From: Volatile Organic Compounds, Evaluation Methods and Processing Properties for Cooked Rice Flavor

Volatile organic compounds

Odor description

Extraction method

Cooked rice types

RI

Literature

 

DB-WAX

ZB-5

Capillary GC

FFAP

Hexanal

Leaf-like

SDE, DHS

Cooked korean non-aromatic rice

1078

   

Park et al. (2010)

Green

SPME GC-O, GC-PFPD

Jasmine rice (khao dawk mali 105)

1086

799

  

Mahattanatawee and Rouseff (2014)

–

GC-O/GC-MS

Japonica cooked rice

  

1081

 

Zhao et al. (2022)

Green

HRGC-O/HRGC-MS

Cooked brown rice

   

1089

Jezussek et al. (2002)

Unknown

Earthy, sulfury

SDE

Cooked korean non-aromatic rice

1096

   

(Park et al. 2010)

2-Pentylfuran

Green bean

SDE, DHS

Cooked korean non-aromatic rice

1224

   

Park et al. (2010)

–

GC-O/GC-MS

Japonica cooked rice

  

1227

 

Zhao et al. (2022)

2-Methyl-3-furanthiol

vitamin, meaty, cooked rice

SDE, DHS

Cooked korean non-aromatic rice

1297

   

Park et al. (2010)

Meaty

SPME GC-O, GC-PFPD

Jasmine rice (khao dawk mali 105)

1313

873

  

Mahattanatawee and Rouseff (2014)

Meaty, sulfurous

HRGC-O/HRGC-MS

Cooked brown rice

   

1319

Jezussek et al. (2002)

2-Acetyl-1-pyrroline

Popcorn

SDE, DHS

Cooked korean non-aromatic rice

1340

   

Park et al. (2010)

Cooked jasmine rice

SPME GC-O, GC-PFPD

Jasmine rice (khao dawk mali 105)

1342

   

Park et al. (2010)

Popcorn, toasted grain, nuty

HS-SPME-GC-MS/MS

Ten cooked rice samplesa

1354

   

Kasote et al. (2021)

-

GC-O/GC-MS

Japonica cooked rice

  

1353

 

(Zhao et al. 2022)

Popcorn-like

HRGC-O/HRGC-MS

Cooked brown rice

   

1330

Jezussek et al. (2002)

Nonanal

Tallowy

SDE, DHS

Cooked korean non-aromatic rice

1401

   

Park et al. (2010)

Green, citrusy, soapy

SPME GC-O, GC-PFPD

Jasmine rice (khao dawk mali 105)

1396

1106

  

Mahattanatawee and Rouseff (2014)

Green, fatty, citrus

HS-SPME-GC-MS/MS

Ten cooked rice samplesa

1401

   

Kasote et al. (2021)

–

GC-O/GC-MS

Japonica cooked rice

  

1396

 

Zhao et al. (2022)

(E)-2-Octenal

Fatty

SDE

Cooked korean non-aromatic rice

1427

   

Park et al. (2010)

Green, nutty

SPME GC-O, GC-PFPD

Jasmine rice (khao dawk mali 105)

1435

1062

  

Mahattanatawee and Rouseff (2014)

–

GC-O/GC-MS

Japonica cooked rice

  

1435

 

Zhao et al. (2022)

1-Octen-3-ol

Mushroom-like

SDE

Cooked korean non-aromatic rice

1445

   

Park et al. (2010)

Green, mushroom, earthy, oily

HS-SPME-GC-MS/MS

Ten cooked rice samplesa

1455

   

Kasote et al. (2021)

Methional

Baked potato

SDE, DHS

Cooked korean non-aromatic rice

1451

   

Park et al. (2010)

Cooked potato

SPME GC-O, GC-PFPD

Jasmine rice (khao dawk mali 105)

1456

910

  

Mahattanatawee and Rouseff (2014)

Decanal

Flowery

SDE, DHS

Cooked korean non-aromatic rice

1504

   

Park et al. (2010)

Fatty, citrusy

SPME GC-O, GC-PFPD

Jasmine rice (khao dawk mali 105)

1506

1202

  

Mahattanatawee and Rouseff (2014)

(E)-2-Nonenal

Tallowy, green

SDE, DHS

Cooked korean non-aromatic rice

1545

   

Park et al. (2010)

Metallic

SPME GC-O, GC-PFPD

Jasmine rice (khao dawk mali 105)

1540

1161

  

Mahattanatawee and Rouseff (2014)

Unknown

Earthy

SDE

Cooked korean non-aromatic rice

1626

   

Park et al. (2010)

(E,Z)-2,4-Decadienal

Waxy, fatty

SDE

Cooked korean non-aromatic rice

1767

   

Park et al. (2010)

–

GC-O/GC-MS

Japonica cooked rice

  

1769

 

Zhao et al. (2022)

(E,E)-2,4-Decadienal

Waxy, fatty

SDE, DHS

Cooked korean non-aromatic rice

1777

   

Park et al. (2010)

Fatty, metallic

SPME GC-O, GC-PFPD

Jasmine rice (khao dawk mali 105)

1820

1318

  

Mahattanatawee and Rouseff (2014)

–

GC-O/GC-MS

Japonica cooked rice

  

1824

 

Zhao et al. (2022)

Unknown

Vitamin, meaty, cooked rice

SDE, DHS

Cooked korean non-aromatic rice

1897

   

Park et al. (2010)

4-Vinylguaiacol

Clove

SDE

Cooked korean non-aromatic rice

2196

   

Park et al. (2010)

Dimethyl sulphide

Cooked, sulfury

SPME GC-O, GC-PFPD

Jasmine rice (khao dawk mali 105)

760

690

  

Mahattanatawee and Rouseff (2014)

3-Methyl-2-butene-1-thiol

Nutty, sulfury

SPME GC-O, GC-PFPD

Jasmine rice (khao dawk mali 105)

1093

824

  

Mahattanatawee and Rouseff (2014)

Octanal

Citrusy

SPME GC-O, GC-PFPD

Jasmine rice (khao dawk mali 105)

1290

999

  

Mahattanatawee and Rouseff (2014)

Citrus-like

HRGC-O/HRGC-MS

Cooked brown rice

   

1284

Jezussek et al. (2002)

–

GC-O/GC-MS

Japonica cooked rice

  

1295

 

Zhao et al. (2022)

1-Octen-3-one

Mushroom

SPME GC-O, GC-PFPD

Jasmine rice (khao dawk mali 105)

1303

980

  

Mahattanatawee and Rouseff (2014)

Mushroom-like

HRGC-O/HRGC-MS

Cooked brown rice

   

1300

Jezussek et al. (2002)

Hexanol

Green

SPME GC-O, GC-PFPD

Jasmine rice (khao dawk mali 105)

1376

869

  

Mahattanatawee and Rouseff (2014)

Dimethyl trisulfide

Sulfury, cabbage-like

SPME GC-O, GC-PFPD

Jasmine rice (khao dawk mali 105)

1384

979

  

Mahattanatawee and Rouseff (2014)

Unknown

Musty

SPME GC-O, GC-PFPD

Jasmine rice (khao dawk mali 105)

1439

–

  

Mahattanatawee and Rouseff (2014)

1-Octanol

Fatty, metallic

SPME GC-O, GC-PFPD

Jasmine rice (khao dawk mali 105)

1575

-

  

Mahattanatawee and Rouseff (2014)

Waxy, green citrus

HS-SPME-GC-MS/MS

Ten cooked rice samplesa

1564

   

Kasote et al. (2021)

–

GC-O/GC-MS

Japonica cooked rice

  

1575

 

Zhao et al. (2022)

(E,Z)-2,6-Nonadienal

Green, metallic

SPME GC-O, GC-PFPD

Jasmine rice (khao dawk mali 105)

1593

1157

  

Mahattanatawee and Rouseff (2014)

Unknown

Roasted, nutty

SPME GC-O, GC-PFPD

Jasmine rice (khao dawk mali 105)

1635

-

  

Mahattanatawee and Rouseff (2014)

(E)-2-Decenal

Green herbal geranium

SPME GC-O, GC-PFPD

Jasmine rice (khao dawk mali 105)

1656

1275

  

Mahattanatawee and Rouseff (2014)

(E,E)-2,4-Nonadienal

Fatty, metallic

SPME GC-O, GC-PFPD

Jasmine rice (khao dawk mali 105)

1711

1218

  

Mahattanatawee and Rouseff (2014)

Dodecanal

Minty, soapy

SPME GC-O, GC-PFPD

Jasmine rice (khao dawk mali 105)

1727

1419

  

Mahattanatawee and Rouseff (2014)

2-Acetyl-2-thiazoline

Cooked jasmine rice

SPME GC-O, GC-PFPD

Jasmine rice (khao dawk mali 105)

1766

1112

  

Mahattanatawee and Rouseff (2014)

Geranyl acetate

Floral

SPME GC-O, GC-PFPD

Jasmine rice (khao dawk mali 105)

1780

1382

  

Mahattanatawee and Rouseff (2014)

β-Damascone

Sweet honey

SPME GC-O, GC-PFPD

Jasmine rice (khao dawk mali 105)

1828

1425

  

Mahattanatawee and Rouseff (2014)

β-Damascenone

Sweet honey

SPME GC-O, GC-PFPD

Jasmine rice (khao dawk mali 105)

1833

1395

  

Mahattanatawee and Rouseff (2014)

α-Ionone

Floral

SPME GC-O, GC-PFPD

Jasmine rice (khao dawk mali 105)

1861

1459

  

Mahattanatawee and Rouseff (2014)

Unknown

Medicine

SPME GC-O, GC-PFPD

Jasmine rice (khao dawk mali 105)

1867

-

  

Mahattanatawee and Rouseff (2014)

2-Phenylethanol

Floral

SPME GC-O, GC-PFPD

Jasmine rice (khao dawk mali 105)

1907

1106

  

Mahattanatawee and Rouseff (2014)

β-Ionone

Raspberry, floral

SPME GC-O, GC-PFPD

Jasmine rice (khao dawk mali 105)

1952

1496

  

Mahattanatawee and Rouseff (2014)

Ethyl butyrate

Fruity, green, apple, fatty

HS-SPME-GC-MS/MS

Ten cooked rice samplesa

1046

   

Kasote et al. (2021)

Ethyl 3-methylbutanoate

Fruity, sweet apple, pineapple

HS-SPME-GC-MS/MS

Ten cooked rice samplesa

1077

   

Kasote et al. (2021)

Ethyl hexanoate

Fruity, apple peel

HS-SPME-GC-MS/MS

Ten cooked rice samplesa

1242

   

Kasote et al. (2021)

(E)-2-Heptenal

Fruity, green, fatty

HS-SPME-GC-MS/MS

Ten cooked rice samplesa

1338

   

Kasote et al. (2021)

1-Hexanol

Green, herbaceous, woody, sweet

HS-SPME-GC-MS/MS

Ten cooked rice samplesa

1361

   

Kasote et al. (2021)

-

GC-O/GC-MS

Japonica cooked rice

  

1383

 

Zhao et al. (2022)

Ethyl octanoate

Fruity, fatty, brandy

HS-SPME-GC-MS/MS

Ten cooked rice samplesa

1444

   

Kasote et al. (2021)

Ethyl 3-hydroxybutyrate

Green, fruity, waxy, apple skin

HS-SPME-GC-MS/MS

Ten cooked rice samplesa

1529

   

Kasote et al. (2021)

2,3-Butanediol

Creamy, fruity, buttery

HS-SPME-GC-MS/MS

Ten cooked rice samplesa

1548

   

Kasote et al. (2021)

2-Undecanone

Waxy, fruity creamy, fatty, floral

HS-SPME-GC-MS/MS

Ten cooked rice samplesa

1606

   

Kasote et al. (2021)

Ethyl benzoate

Sweet, fruity, wintergreen, medicinal,

HS-SPME-GC-MS/MS

Ten cooked rice samplesa

1682

   

Kasote et al. (2021)

Naphthalene

Pungent, tarry

HS-SPME-GC-MS/MS

Ten cooked rice samplesa

1764

   

Kasote et al. (2021)

–

GC-O/GC-MS

Japonica cooked rice

  

1713

 

Zhao et al. (2022)

Ethyl benzeneacetate

–

HS-SPME-GC-MS/MS

Ten cooked rice samplesa

1798

   

Kasote et al. (2021)

2-Methylnaphthalene

Sweet, floral, woody

HS-SPME-GC-MS/MS

Ten cooked rice samplesa

1878

   

Kasote et al. (2021)

1-Methylnaph-thalene

Naphthyl, medicinal

HS-SPME-GC-MS/MS

Ten cooked rice samplesa

1916

   

Kasote et al. (2021)

Phenylethyl Alcohol

Floral, sweet, rosey, honey

HS-SPME-GC-MS/MS

Ten cooked rice samplesa

1929

   

Kasote et al. (2021)

Ethyl 9-hexadecenoate

–

HS-SPME-GC-MS/MS

Ten cooked rice samplesa

2267

   

Kasote et al. (2021)

Indole

Animal, floral, mothball

HS-SPME-GC-MS/MS

Ten cooked rice samplesa

2475

   

Kasote et al. (2021)

–

GC-O/GC-MS

Japonica cooked rice

  

2441

 

Zhao et al. (2022)

1-Butanol

–

GC-O/GC-MS

Japonica cooked rice

  

1135

 

Zhao et al. (2022)

Pyridine

–

GC-O/GC-MS

Japonica cooked rice

  

-

 

Zhao et al. (2022)

Benzaldehyde

–

GC-O/GC-MS

Japonica cooked rice

  

1531

 

Zhao et al. (2022)

Acetophenone

–

GC-O/GC-MS

Japonica cooked rice

  

1615

 

Zhao et al. (2022)

2-Undecenal

–

GC-O/GC-MS

Japonica cooked rice

  

1748

 

Zhao et al. (2022)

Hexanoic acid

–

GC-O/GC-MS

Japonica cooked rice

  

1855

 

Zhao et al. (2022)

Benzyl alcohol

–

GC-O/GC-MS

Japonica cooked rice

  

1855

 

Zhao et al. (2022)

Heptanoic acid

–

GC-O/GC-MS

Japonica cooked rice

  

1885

 

Zhao et al. (2022)

Benzothiazole

–

GC-O/GC-MS

Japonica cooked rice

  

1938

 

Zhao et al. (2022)

1-Dodecanol

–

GC-O/GC-MS

Japonica cooked rice

  

1965

 

Zhao et al. (2022)

Phenol

–

GC-O/GC-MS

Japonica cooked rice

  

1998

 

Zhao et al. (2022)

2-Pentadecanone

–

GC-O/GC-MS

Japonica cooked rice

  

2016

 

Zhao et al. (2022)

2-Pyrrolidinone

–

GC-O/GC-MS

Japonica cooked rice

  

2029

 

Zhao et al. (2022)

Octanoic acid

–

GC-O/GC-MS

Japonica cooked rice

  

2088

 

Zhao et al. (2022)

6,10,14-Trimethyl-2-pentadecanone

–

GC-O/GC-MS

Japonica cooked rice

  

2116

 

Zhao et al. (2022)

2-Methoxy-4-vinylphenol

–

GC-O/GC-MS

Japonica cooked rice

  

2173

 

Zhao et al. (2022)

Nonanoic acid

–

GC-O/GC-MS

Japonica cooked rice

  

2183

 

Zhao et al. (2022)

Methyl palmitate

–

GC-O/GC-MS

Japonica cooked rice

  

–

 

Zhao et al. (2022)

Decanoic acid

–

GC-O/GC-MS

Japonica cooked rice

  

–

 

Zhao et al. (2022)

2-Tetradecanone

–

GC-O/GC-MS

Japonica cooked rice

  

–

 

Zhao et al. (2022)

Ethyl palmitate

–

GC-O/GC-MS

Japonica cooked rice

  

–

 

Zhao et al. (2022)

4-Methyl-5-thiazoleethanol

–

GC-O/GC-MS

Japonica cooked rice

  

2299

 

Zhao et al. (2022)

2,4-Di-tert-butylphenol

–

GC-O/GC-MS

Japonica cooked rice

  

2337

 

Zhao et al. (2022)

2,3-Dihydrobenzofuran

–

GC-O/GC-MS

Japonica cooked rice

  

2398

 

Zhao et al. (2022)

Dodecanoic acid

–

GC-O/GC-MS

Japonica cooked rice

  

2513

 

Zhao et al. (2022)

Tridecanoic acid

–

GC-O/GC-MS

Japonica cooked rice

  

–

 

Zhao et al. (2022)

Vanillin

–

GC-O/GC-MS

Japonica cooked rice

  

2538

 

Zhao et al. (2022)

Butan-2,3-dione

Buttery

HRGC-O/HRGC-MS

Cooked brown rice

   

985

Jezussek et al. (2002)

2-Methoxy-3,5-Dimethylpyrazine

Earthy

HRGC-O/HRGC-MS

Cooked brown rice

   

1423

Jezussek et al. (2002)

2-Isobutyl-3-methoxypyrazine

Earthy, green bell pepper

HRGC-O/HRGC-MS

Cooked brown rice

   

1514

Jezussek et al. (2002)

Benzeneacetaldehyde

 

HSSE/GC/MS

Cooked jasmine rice

1045

   

Grimm et al. (2011)

3-Methyl-butanal

 

HSSE/GC/MS

cooked jasmine rice

652

   

Grimm et al. (2011)

2-Methyl-butanal

 

HSSE/GC/MS

Cooked jasmine rice

660

   

Grimm et al. (2011)

  1. FFAP free fatty acid phase, SDE steam distillation and solvent extraction, DHS dynamic headspace sampling, SPME GC-O solid phase microextraction gas chromatography-olfactometry, GC-PFPD gas chromatography-pulsed flame photometric detector, HS-SPME headspace solid-phase micro-extraction, HS-SPME-GC-MS/MS headspace solidphase microextraction with gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, HRGC/O high-resolution gas chromatography-olfactometry, HRGC/MS high-resolution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, HSSE/GC/MS headspace sorptive extraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometer, RI retention index
  2. aTen cooked rice samples: IR-64, Pusa Basmati-1, Pusa Basmati-1509, and Pusa 1652 (Improved Kala Namak), Jeera 32, Govind Bhog, Kala Jeera, Kala Nuniya, Kala Namak-1, and Kala Namak-2;