From: Challenges and Perspectives in Homology-Directed Gene Targeting in Monocot Plants
No. | Category | Approach | HGT mode | Tested in organism | HGT enhancement properties | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | homologous repair template | Homologous size and form | Extrachromosomal | Nicotiana tabacum | The longer the better; Linearized forms were much better | Baur et al. 1990 |
2 | homologous repair template | Homologous size and form | Extrachromosomal | Nicotiana plumbaginifolia | Homologous size was preferred to be more than 456 bp | Puchta and Hohn 1991 |
3 | homologous repair template | Homologous form | Extrachromosomal | Nicotiana tabacum | ssDNA was more preferred | |
4 | HDR-related genes | EcRecA overexpression | Intrachromosomal | Nicotiana tabacum | 10 folds-efficiency increase with nuclear localized EcRECA | Reiss et al. 1996 |
5 | HDR-related genes | RuvC overexpression | Somatic crossover; Extrachromosomal; intrachromosomal | Nicotiana tabacum | Somatic crossover (12 folds); intrachromosomal recombination (11 folds); and extrachromosomal recombination (56 folds) | Shalev et al. 1999 |
6 | HDR-related genes | yeast RAD54 overexpression | SDSA | Arabidopsis thaliana | 27-fold enhancement | Shaked et al. 2005 |
7 | NHEJ and HDR-related genes | RAD50 knockout | Intrachromosomal | Arabidopsis thaliana | 8–10 folds of SSA or intrachromosomal recombination | Gherbi et al. 2001 |
8 | NHEJ related genes | AtMLH1 knockout | Intrachromosomal | Arabidopsis thaliana | Knockout mutation reduced 72% HDR frequencies | Dion et al. 2007 |
9 | Chromatin modeling | AtFAS1 or AtFAS2 knockout | Interchromosomal | Arabidopsis thaliana | 40-fold enhancement of somatic homologous recombination | Endo et al. 2006 |
10 | Cell Cycle Synchronization/S phase | Hydroxyurea treatment | SDSA | Yarrowia lipolytica, Arxula adeninivorans, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Kluyveromyces lactis and Pichia pastoris | 1.2- to 8-fold enhancement | Tsakraklides et al. 2015 |
11 | Cell Cycle Synchronization/S-G2 phases | Cas9 fused with N-terminal (110a.a) of human Gemini | SDSA | Human cell lines (HEK293T) | 72% enhancement of somatic homologous recombination | Gutschner et al. 2016 |
12 | Culture conditions | Polyamines (putrescine, spermidine and spermine) | SDSA | Mouse hair follicle model and Human cell lines (U2OS and HEK293) | Polyamines promoted RAD51 loading onto ssDNAs in in vitro assays | Lee et al. 2019 |
13 | NHEJ related genes | Suppression by chemical inhibitors | SDSA | Human cell lines (HEK293T) | KU70 and DNA ligase IV suppression by Scr7 obtained 4–5-fold increase of HR efficiency | Chu et al. 2015 |
14 | NHEJ related genes | Suppression by chemical inhibitors | SDSA | Human cell lines and mouse | DNA ligase IV suppression by Scr7 enhanced CRISPR/Cas9-based HDR frequency up to 19 folds | Maruyama et al. 2015 |