Carbohydrate metabolism and fertility related genes high expression levels promote heterosis in autotetraploid rice harboring double neutral genes

Rice

Table 5 Functional classification of DEG_FPU in different tissues

Functional categories	L1	L2	L3	P1	P2	P3	E2	Z2	Z3
Metabolism
Amino acid metabolism	61*	38*	28*	49**	18	33*	11	33	51
Biosynthesis of other secondary metabolites	55**	29*	18	31*	14	17	15**	30*	42
Carbohydrate metabolism	79	60*	37	70**	27	58**	33**	78*	93*
Energy metabolism	17	37*	18	20	18	21	12	47*	61**
Glycan biosynthesis and metabolism	4	2	2	8	4	2	1	4	9
Lipid metabolism	42	26	21	41**	18	24	4	30	37
Metabolism of cofactors and vitamins	20	31**	14	25*	7	12	6	22	22
Metabolism of other amino acids	31*	16	11	23*	9	11	7	30**	16
Metabolism of terpenoids and polyketides	26	21**	11	15	9	12	7	25**	29*
Nucleotide metabolism	23	10	5	7	5	7	4	6	20
Genetic Information Processing
Replication and repair	13	6	3	6	3	2	0	1	10
Transcription	17	6	8	11	8	13	2	6	18
Translation	79	10	10	27	25	27	7	37	124**
Folding, sorting and degradation	35	23	16	34	18	26	12	33	43
Environmental Information Processing
Signal transduction	52**	27	22*	19	10	19	15*	17	31
Membrane transport	2	1	1	2	0	2	0	3	2
Cellular Processes
Transport and catabolism	29	19	11	27	11	8	4	16	32
Organismal Systems
Environmental adaptation	50**	40**	26**	30	22**	10	11	23	32
Human Diseases
Endocrine and metabolic diseases	3	2	3	2	1	1	1	0	1

* and ** denote significant enrichment of DEG_FPU among functional categories with P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively. L1 and P1 represent flag leaves and anthers at meiosis stage, respectively. L2, P2, E2 and Z2 represent flag leaves, anther, embryo sac and leaf sheath at pre-flowering stage, respectively. L3, P3 and Z3 represent flag leaves, grain and leaf sheath at three days after flowering, respectively