Table 2 Median-scaled relative abundance of rice bran cofactors & vitamins metabolites with medicinal properties

Alpha-tocopherol

01893

0.02

0.05

0.03

• Antioxidant (antioxidant activity against (Fe²⁺ + ascorbate) and (Fe ²⁺ + NADPH)-induced lipid peroxidation, decreases plasma and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidizability)

• Anti-hypertensive (inhibits smooth muscle cell proliferation by inhibiting protein kinase C activity)

(Serbinova et al. 1991)

(Kontush et al. 1996)

(Chatelain et al. 1993)

Alpha-tocopherol acetate

34227

0.02

0.04

ND

• Boosts alpha-tocopherol antioxidant bioactivity

(Brigelius-Flohe and Traber, 1999)

Alpha-tocotrienol

06327

0.01

0.08

0.05

• Antioxidant

(Serbinova et al. 1991)

Beta-tocopherol

06335

0.001

ND

ND

• Antioxidant (free radical scavenging)

(Kadoma et al. 2006)

Delta-tocopherol

02902

ND

0.01

ND

• Antioxidant (free radical scavenging)

• Anti-hypertensive (inhibits smooth muscle cell proliferation by inhibiting protein kinase C activity)

(Kadoma et al. 2006)

(Chatelain et al. 1993)

Gamma-tocopherol

01492

ND

0.07

0.03

• Anti-inflammatory

• Anti-hypertensive (inhibits smooth muscle cell proliferation by inhibiting protein kinase C activity)

(Jiang et al. 2000)

(Chatelain et al. 1993)

Gamma-tocotrienol

12958

0.03

0.17

0.12

• Radio-protector

• Anti-hypertensive

(Ghosh et al. 2009)

Glucarate (saccharate)^a

00663

0.89

0.13

ND

• Cancer chemopreventive (by inhibiting serum β-glucuronidase)

(Lampe et al. 2002)

(Hanausek et al. 2003)

Nicotinamide (vitamin B3)

01406

2.00

2.04

4.28

• Anti-inflammatory (treatment of skin disorders such as acne vulgaris)

• Cancer chemopreventive (treatment of non-melanoma skin cancer)

• Treatment of Alzheimer's disease (by inhibiting of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) and neuro-inflammatory enzyme)

(Khodaeiani et al. 2013; Niren, 2006)

(A. C. Chen et al. 2015; Surjana et al. 2012)

(Turunc Bayrakdar et al. 2014)

Nicotinate

01488

12.11

12.11

21.17

• Anti-hyperlipidemic

(Duggal et al. 2010; Figueroa et al. 2015; Zema, 2000)

Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6)

02075

2.67

4.22

5.03

• Required for biosynthesis of amino acids, sugars and fatty acids, and major centrally-acting neurotransmitters (e.g. serotonin, dopamine, and GABA)

• Anti-hypertensive

• Anti-hyperlipidemic

• Anti-hyperglycemic

• Cancer chemopreventive (colon cancer)

(Percudani and Peracchi, 2009)

(Yarlagadda and Clayton, 2007)

(Hellmann and Mooney, 2010)

(Larsson et al. 2010)

Threonic acid^a

00943

36.15

20.99

16.44

• Prevention of androgen-driven balding

• Increases bioavailability of vitamin C for T-cells (calcium L-threonate)

• Increases bioavailability of iron (is used for treatment of iron deficiency anemia

(Kwack et al. 2010)

(Fay and Verlangieri, 1991)

(X. X. Li et al. 2005)

Trigonelline

00875

608.11

0.77

11.59

• Cancer chemopreventive

(Hirakawa et al. 2005)

(Liao et al. 2015)