Fig. 1

Overexpression of OsMKK3 leads to PHS and the loss of dehydration tolerance. A Relative expression level of OsMKK3 in leaves of OsMKK3OE lines. Values represent the mean ± SD of three biological replicates. Student’s t-tests were used to generate p values. (** = p < 0.01) B Germination phenotype of the OsMKK3OE panicles. After 25 days of heading, panicles of overexpression lines and ZH11 were sampled for germination tests, and the photos were taken after two days of treatment. C After 25 days of heading, small cracks appeared in the embryonic part of OsMKK3OE husk (Scale bar = 2 mm). D Freshly harvested seeds were used for germination test, and germination percentage was calculated at the indicated time. Values represent the mean ± SD of three biological replicates (30 seeds for each replicate). E The germination rates of the dry seeds were calculated after four days germination treatment. Values represent the mean ± SD of three biological replicates (30 seeds for each replicate). Student’s t-tests were used to generate p values. (** = p < 0.01)