Establishment and Advances of Third-Generation Hybrid Rice Technology: A Review

Rice

Table 3 Seed sorting genes for GMS maintainer

Gene/ protein	Mechanism	Sorting method	Detection equipment	Application crop	Reference
Fluorescent protein DsRed2/ mcherry	Under 565 nm excitation light conditions, the fluorescent protein emits red fluorescence.	Color-based seed sorting method	Fluorescent sorting machine	Rice, Maize	(Wu et al. 2016; Chang et al. 2016; Qi et al. 2020)
AGP synthesis protein	Using amiRNAs to suppress AGP gene expression interfered with endosperm starch synthesis.	Weight-based seed sorting method	Weight-sorting machines	Rice	(Wu et al. 2021)
Anthocyanins synthesis gene ANT1	Induce transgenic seedlings to accumulate a greater quantity of anthocyanins, thereby making them purple.	Color-based seedling sorting method	Naked eye	Tomato	(Du et al. 2020)
Herbicide-resistant Bar gene	Bar gene makes plants no longer sensitive to glufosinate by changing the metabolic pathway of plants.	Herbicide-resistant based seedling sorting	Sprayer	Maize	(An et al. 2020)
Betalain biosynthesis gene RUBY	Betalains are a type of natural plant pigment that is bright red and easily visible to the naked eye.	Color-based seed sorting method	Naked eye	Foxtail millet	(Zhang et al. 2023a)