Table 3 Median-scaled relative abundance of rice bran secondary metabolites with medicinal properties

4-hydroxybenzoate^a

00500

1.18

1.87

• Antimicrobial (broad spectrum bacteriostatic and fungistatic properties

• Antioxidant (scavenges free radicals to reduce skin damage)

(Kosova et al. 2015)

(Barreca et al. 2016)

Abscisate

35140

0.62

0.31

• Anti-inflammatory (type II diabetes and obesity-related inflammation)

(Guri et al. 2007)

Alpha-amyrin^a

36657

0.06

0.08

• Anti-inflammatory

• Antimicrobial (broad spectrum bacteriostatic properties)

(Liliana Hernández Vázquez, 2012)

Apigenin

02124

ND

0.08

• Cancer chemopreventive

• Anti-inflammatory and anti-metastatic agent

(Balasubramanian et al. 2006)

(Vargo et al. 2006)

Astragalin

37429

ND

ND

• Anti-histaminergic (reduces IgE production)

• Anti-parasitic (against Fasciolopsis buski)

• Anti-inflammatory (reduces inflammation through nuclear factor NF-kB inhibition)

• Neuroprotective (protects neurons from hydrogen peroxide-mediated cell death during neuroblastoma)

(Kotani et al. 2000)

(Ananta Swargiary 2015) (Chung et al. 2016)

Benzoate

01870

4.38

3.50

• Antimicrobial (broad spectrum bacteriostatic and fungistatic properties)

(Nascimento et al. 2000)

Caffeate

01964

ND

0.20

• Antioxidant

• Cancer chemopreventive (functions as an antiproliferative chemotherapeutic agent)

(Olthof et al. 2001)

(Rajendra Prasad et al. 2011)

Chlorogenic acid

03164

ND

ND

• Antioxidant

• Anti-diabetic (influences glucose metabolism by inhibiting alpha-glucosidase)

• Anti-septic arthritis caused by Candida albicans.

• Sleep-wake cycle modulator

(Olthof et al. 2001)

(Upadhyay and Mohan Rao, 2013)

Chrysoeriol

30667

0.49

0.16

• Antioxidant

• Anti-inflammatory(Inhibits lipid peroxidation, inhibits production of superoxide anion by xanthine/xanthine oxidase system, inhibits the lipopolysaccharideinduction of the nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) gene.)

(Mishra et al. 2003)

(Choi et al. 2005)

Cinnamate

00930

0.31

0.12

• Antimicrobial (anti-mycobacterial agent that can be developed against tuberculosis)

• Cancer chemopreventive (anti-proliferative activity against melanoma cells and lung carcinoma cells, inhibition of histone deacetylases in colon cancer cells)

• Anti-obesogenic

• Anti-hypertensive (inhibits serum lipase and angiotensin-converting enzyme)

• Cardio-protective (In electrocardiography, it decreases the ST segment elevation induced by acute myocardial ischemia)

• Antioxidant

• Anti-inflammatory

(Y. L. Chen et al. 2011)

(Zhu et al. 2016)

(Mnafgui et al. 2015)

(Song et al. 2013)

Ergothioneine^a

03045

ND

0.79

• Antioxidant

(Aruoma et al. 2012)

Ferulate

00954

6.22

10.28

• Antioxidant

(Kanski et al. 2002 2002)

Indolin-2-one

-

1.19

0.30

• Cancer chemopreventive (anti-proliferative and inhibits thioredoxin reductase (TrxR))

(Kaminska et al. 2016)

Luteolin

05800

ND

0.04

• Antioxidant (scavenges ROS)

• Antimicrobial (broad spectrum gram positive bacteriostatic properties and yeast)

(Lin et al. 2008)

(Singh et al. 2016)

Piperidine^a

34301

0.76

0.69

• Anti-hypertensive

(Aisaka et al. 1985; Patel et al. 2006)

Quinate^a

03072

8.86

1.65

• Anti-inflammatory

• Antioxidant

(Pero et al. 2009)

Salicylate

01895

6.67

0.48

• Anti-diabetic (reduces blood glucose via activation of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase)  • Anti-inflammatory

(Hawley et al. 2012)

Sinapic acid

32616

0.15

1.99

• Anti-inflammatory

• Anti-diabetic (increases expression of glucose transporter type 4)

(Yun et al. 2008)

(Cherng et al. 2013)

Sitostanol (Stigmastanol)

00494

ND

0.10

• Anti-hyperlipidemic

(Batta et al. 2006)

Syringic acid

02085

0.32

0.36

• Antioxidant (prevents oxidative stress, inhibits the production of free radicals and reduces lipid peroxidation)

• Antimicrobial (against Escherichia coli LY01 (g-), Cronobacter sakazakii (g-) and, Oenococcus oeni (g+))

• Anti-diabetic (enhancement of insulin action and C-peptide)

(Cikman et al. 2015)

(Shi et al. 2016)

(Muthukumaran et al. 2013)

Tartaric acid^a

00956

0.31

0.32

• Antimicrobial (against E. coli, Bacillus subtilis and Streptococcus suis)

(Zhihong Gao, 2012)

Vanillate

00484

1.21

2.04

• Antibacterial (against Cronobacter spp)

• Anticoagulant (against snake venom)

(Yemis et al. 2011)

(Dhananjaya et al. 2006)

Vanillin

12308

0.69

1.18

• Antioxidant

• Anti-inflammatory

• Antibacterial (agains Cronobacter spp)

• Treatment of sickle cell disease

(Makni et al. 2012; Makni et al. 2011)

(Yemis et al. 2011)

(Abdulmalik et al. 2011)