Fig. 1

Effect of Al and aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG) on root swelling and root elongation. a Root swelling phenotype of indica cultivars under Al stress. Roots were exposed to –Al or + Al (20 μM) condition for 24 h. Scale bar = 500 μm. b Al stress did not induce root swelling in japonica cultivars. Roots were exposed to a series of Al concentrations (10, 20, 50 or 100 μM) for 24 h. Scale bar = 500 μm. c Root swelling occurrence of Kasalath cultivar under different Al concentrations. Roots were exposed to a series of Al concentrations (0, 10, 20, 30, or 50 μM) for 24 h. Scale bar in left and right panel is 1 cm and 500 μm, respectively. d, e Effect of AVG on Al-induced root swelling (d) and root elongation (e). Roots were treated with 0, 0.1, 0.2 or 0.5 μM AVG in combination with 0 or 20 μM Al for 24 h. Scale bar = 500 μm